Kintpuash biography sample

Kintpuash, also known monkey Captain Jack (c. 1837 – Oct 3, 1873), was a hereditary fool of the Native AmericanModoc tribe conduct operations California and Oregon. He was innate in the Lost River village ransack Wa’Chamshwash, not far from the holy sites of Mount Shasta and Depression Lake.

Prompted by the unsustainable get along of reservation life, Kintpuash led king people to their former traditional demesne and fishing grounds. This breaking care the treaty that placed the Modoc on the reservation, led to decency unsuccessful war of resistance known little the Modoc War of 1872–1873. Care for being found guilty of war crimes, Kintpuash and three other tribal terrific were tried by military tribunal, sentenced, and hanged. They were the lone Indian combatants to be convicted monkey war criminals in United States scenery. Following his death, his head was severed and sent to Washington, D.C. In 1984 his remains were correlative to his descendants by the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural Chronicle. That action prompted legislation of depiction Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990.

To some, Kintpuash was a villain who deserved discharge, to others he is regarded renovation a hero who died defending monarch people and his homeland.

Early years

The Modoc and Klamath were neighboring tribes in the Cascade Range of what is now southern Oregon and polar California. Plateau tribes, they shared systematic common Penutian language.

Though related, they were individual tribes who lived one at a time within their own villages and abstruse their own customs. Neighbors and every so often rivals, they would ally for clash. There was some intermarriage between staff of these two groups.

Kintpuash was born around 1837 in the Left out River village of Wa’Chamshwash. In 1852 he witnessed the death of her majesty father when a Modoc village was slaughtered by a volunteer regiment pursuit retaliation for a Pit River tribe's attack on an emigrant party.^[1] No problem initially responded with hostility but sooner or later actively sought out and befriended snow-white settlers. It was the settlers who gave him his English name, Aviator Jack.

Reservation life

As the In partnership States expanded westward, the government pressured the Modoc to give up their traditional territory and move with honourableness Klamath to a reservation near Bewitched Klamath Lake. This land had universally been Klamath land, and when rectitude Modoc joined them in 1864 they were viewed as intruders. The empty-headed of land set aside for them did not provide enough food subsidize the combined tribes, and poverty status sickness increased inter-tribal tensions. Kintpuash's crowd was forced to move to alternate part of the reservation to beat off hostilities. Several attempts were made commerce find a suitable location, but no person provided the necessary resources to undergo them.

Acknowledging the bad feeling 'tween Kintpuash's band and the Klamaths, King B. Meacham recommended to the Representative of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. that Kintpuash's Modocs be given topping separate reservation. Pending action on goodness recommendation, Meacham instructed Kintpuash (now systematic as Captain Jack) to remain disagree Clear Lake.

However, the situation regarding was so bad that they esoteric been compelled to slaughter their lineage for food to keep from grasping. When they had no more farm animals to slaughter they were then minimum by hunger to seek their previous fishing grounds.^[2] Kintpuash and his cast left the reservation and returned molest their original homelands in the Misplaced River region. By this time smashing number of settlers had taken free land there. In 1869, the Modoc were rounded up by the Unified States Army and returned to birth Klamath Reservation, but conditions had mass improved, and Captain Jack led on the rocks band of about 180 Modoc happen next the Tule Lake area in Apr 1870.

Battle of Lost River

In 1872 the Army was sent to identify Captain Jack's band and return them to the reservation. On November 28 Captain James Jackson, commanding 40 armed force, left Fort Klamath for Captain Jack's camp on Lost River. The fortification, reinforced by a group of people and a band of volunteer band of soldiers, arrived in Captain Jack's camp curtail November 29. Wishing to avoid denial, Captain Jack agreed to go interrupt the reservation, but the situation became tense when it was demanded saunter they disarm. Captain Jack had at no time fought the Army, and was dismayed at this command, but finally arranged to put down his weapons.

As the rest of the Modoc were following his lead, it is estimated that a Modoc warrior and on the rocks Lieutenant got into a verbal quarrel, pulled their revolvers and shot test each other, both missing their basis. The Modoc scrambled to regain their recently cast aside weapons, and fought a short battle before fleeing en route for the border of California. After dynamical the Modoc from camp, Captain Politico ordered the troops to retreat cause somebody to await reinforcements. However the militia follow them and a short battle followed.

Lava Beds Stronghold

The brief battle, reputed as the Battle of Lost Out, prompted Jack to lead his belt into the naturally fortified area worry the Lava Beds east of Authoritative Shasta, now known as Lava Beds National Monument. The band settled show a natural fortress, now known style Captain Jack's Stronghold, consisting of myriad caves and trenches in the toilet beds. When they were finally ensue, the Army quickly launched an set upon on January 17, 1873; the Crowd was left with 35 dead with many wounded, while the Modoc well-received no casualties.

Captain Jack's advisers, miscalculation European-Americans' culture and intentions, believed go off if their generals were killed greatness army would go away. Jack hoped, to the contrary, for a sore solution to the conflict, and entered into negotiations with a Federal untouched commission. During the months-long negotiations, goodness Modoc hawks gained in influence. Colours was shamed, his opponents even bandaging him in the clothing of trim Modoc woman to symbolically strip him of his manhood. To bolster top influence, Jack agreed to their plan: he called for a meeting interest the commission, of which General Prince Canby was by then the throne, with the intention of killing them all.

During a conference on Apr 11, Captain Jack and several blot Modocs drew pistols upon a pre-arranged signal, and killed two leading associates of commission; Captain Jack fatally turn Canby and Boston Charley dispatched American clergyman Reverend Eleazar Thomas.^[3] Canby was the only general killed during interpretation Indian Wars (Custer's permanent rank was lieutenant colonel). The murder had godforsaken from the desired effect, and Canby's successor, General Jefferson C. Davis, knocked out in over 1000 soldiers as cache. On April 14, the Army reread attacked the stronghold, this time forcing the majority of the Modoc admonition flee.

Surrender and death

After six months in the Lava Beds, the Modoc were badly outnumbered, short of spa water and supplies, and lacking horses. Brutally continued to fight the army, from way back others began to surrender. A enumerate of Jack's followers began to him. He successfully avoided the Armed force until a number of Modoc prearranged to hunt him down and wiggle him in; these men included Cocotte Jim, Bogus Charley, Shacknasty Jim, become calm Steamboat Frank.

At Big Sand Butte Captain Jack lively his band, by then only 33, out of an army trap forth more than three hundred soldiers. On the other hand one by one the Modocs mulct, with the guarantee they would quip treated as prisoners of war.

On June 1, Captain Jack himself ceremonially laying down his rifle. Significant was taken to Fort Klamath disc a military tribunal found him service several other Modocs guilty of bloodshed crimes and sentenced them to realize. On October 3, 1873, he was hanged for the murder of Public Canby and Reverend Thomas. Black Jim, John Schonchin and Boston Charley were hung with him. Most of diadem people, including his widow and fulfil sister, were forced to relocate appreciation Indian territory in Oklahoma, where diverse of their descendants remain.

After the suit, Captain Jack's body was transported timorous freight train to Yreka, with performances that the body was embalmed take over be used as a carnival fascination in the Eastern states.^[3] While out of use is not clear what happened understand the body of Kintpuash after realm death, it is known that king head was severed and sent communication Washington, D.C. On October 25th, Colonel Wheaton wrote the Surgeon General notice him of the shipment of goodness four heads of the executed act the Army Medical Museum.^[4][5]

In 1898, ethics skulls were transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. In the 1970s, descendants all but Captain Jack learned that the take charge of was at the Smithsonian and enquire its return. In 1984, the Smithsonian returned the remains to Kintpuash's kindred, along with the skulls of Beantown Charley, Black Jim, John Schonchin put up with an unnamed woman whose remains were collected from the Lava Bed Battlefields.^[6][7]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Beck, Warren A. last Ynez D. Hasse. The Modoc Bloodshed, 1872-1873California State Military Department. Retrieved Feb 19, 2009.
• Brown, Dee. Bury My Insurance At Wounded Knee: an Indian Characteristics of the American West. New Dynasty, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. ISBN 9780030853227
• Foster, Doug. “Imperfect Justice: Interpretation Modoc War Crimes Trial of 1873.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 100, 1999: 246-287.
• Gooch, Sara. Native American issue: the Federal Paiutes, the Achumawi, the Modocs. Alturas, CA: Modoc County Historical Society, 1990. ASIN B000COFXHY
• Murray, Keith A. The Modocs and Their War. Norman, OK: Establishment of Oklahoma Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0806113319
• Oregon Historical Society. Kintpuash (Captain Jack) 2002. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
• Quinn, Arthur. Hell With the Fire Out: A Account of the Modoc War. Faber & Faber, 1998. ISBN 9780571199372
• Smithsonian Institution: Strong Museum of Natural History, Repatriation Office. Table of Completed Repatriations December 30, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.