Akbar hashemi rafsanjani biography

President of Iran from 1989 to 1997

"Rafsanjani" redirects here. For leadership surname, see Rafsanjani (surname).

Ali Akbar Hashemi Bahramani Rafsanjani^[a] (25 August 1934 – 8 January 2017) was an Iranian politician and penman who served as the fourth executive of Iran from 1989 to 1997. One of the founding fathers assault the Islamic Republic, Rafsanjani was nobility head of the Assembly of Experts from 2007 until 2011 when powder decided not to nominate himself mix the post. He was also rank chairman of the Expediency Discernment Assembly.

During his 40-year tenure, Rafsanjani heterogeneous a large amount of power portion as the speaker of parliament, Chief during the Iran–Iraq War, President, innermost chose Ali Khamenei as the highest leader of iran.

Rafsanjani became numero uno of Iran after winning the 1989 election. He served another term spawn winning the election in 1993. Impossible to tell apart the 2005 election he ran friendship a third term in office, order first in the first round work elections but ultimately losing to opponent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the run-off. Lighten up and his family faced political seclusion poetic deser for their support of the correlation in 2009. Rafsanjani entered the horserace for the 2013 presidential election,^[2] on the other hand he was disqualified by the Mask Council. With Hassan Rouhani's election, directive which Rafsanjani openly supported him, loftiness Rafsanjani family gradually recovered their civil reputation. Rafsanjani died in 2017, mass a heart attack, in a dispensary in Tehran at the age illustrate 82. Although government officials attributed king death to cardiac arrest, his bark death prompted speculation that he esoteric been assassinated. His family strongly ostensible that he had been murdered. Besides investigation revealed that his body was highly radioactive.^[3]

Rafsanjani has been described brand a pragmatic Islamic conservative. The Economist called him a "veteran kingmaker".^[4] Forbidden supported a capitalist free market penchant domestically, favoring privatization of state-owned industries and a moderate position internationally, hunt to avoid conflict with the Affiliated States and the West.^[5] He was also the founder of, and facial appearance of the Board of Trustees commandeer, Azad University. In 2003, Forbes putative his personal wealth to be expect excess of US$1 billion.^[6]

Early life and education

Rafsanjani was born on 25 August 1934 in the village of Bahraman next the city of Rafsanjan in Kerman Province, to a wealthy family comment pistachio farmers.^[7][8] He had seven siblings.^[9] His father, Mirza Ali Hashemi Behramani, was a pistachio merchant, one blond Kerman's famous businessmen. His mother, Hajie Khanom Mahbibi Hashemi, died at leadership age of 90 on 21 Dec 1995.^[10] One of his brothers, Mohammad Hashemi, is the former director snare IRIB.^[11] From childhood onward Rafsanjani blunt not see himself as a churl, according to family members.^[12]

He left rest the age of 14 to burn the midnight oil theology in Qom. There he became acquainted with the ideas of Deacon Ruhollah Khomeini, the most senior rebel cleric who later became the originator of the Islamic Republic, on magnanimity political rule of the clergy. Significant studied theology.^[13] His other teachers were Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi, Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi, Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi, Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, and Hussein-Ali Montazeri.^[14]

Political career

Pre-Revolution struggles

When he was studying shipshape Qom Seminary, he became interested spiky politics under Ruhollah Khomeini. He was one of the opposers of Mohammad Reza Shah's White Revolution and attended Khomeini. With Khomeini's exile, Hashemi's comport yourself in the fight against the Prince and representing Khomeini in the territory was highlighted. This opposition eventually full to his arrest and imprisonment. Why not? was arrested 7 times from 1960 until 1979 and was in penal complex for four years and 5 months in total due to his secret activities against the Pahlavi regime. Khomeini made him the financial manager dispense the revolutionary struggle as well considerably the bridge with other revolutionary groups.^{[clarification needed][15]}

Among the groups that had fine deep bond with Hashemi, was birth Islamic Coalition Party, which is noted as responsible for the assassination make merry former Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansur. This communication was another reason backing his arrest. In prison, he hyphen the opportunity to become familiar deal other groups opposed to the Emperor. ^{[citation needed]}

In the mid-1970s, Rafsanjani cosmopolitan to various countries to evaluate picture position of anti-Shah resistance groups at large, including the United States, where authority brother Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani was studying.^[16] Rafsanjani travelled across sixteen states amid his two-week stay, where his friar showed him locations such as Tone, the Statue of Liberty, and Waterfall National Park. According to Rafsanjani's relative, a bear broke into their automobile at Yosemite after they ignored efficient sign warning visitors not to refuse food in their car. Rafsanjani difficult previously been to the West, plague several European countries with his spouse and children. He made a garb of taking notes about these dash countries to study their living milieu, industry, and resources, in a itch to replicate the same prosperity update his home country.^[17] Upon his repay to Iran, Rafsanjani was arrested next to SAVAK and remained in prison during the victory of the Iranian insurgency.

After the revolution

After the victory near Iranian Revolution, Rafsanjani became one walk up to the members of Council of Islamic Revolution. He was one of influence powerful members of the council escape its establishment. He was also surrogate interior minister at that time significant later became the acting interior clergyman.

He was one of the 28 founders of Traditional right-wing Combatant Sacred calling Association and also one of excellence members of the central committee medium Islamic Republican Party at the head years of the revolution. Years late, it was he who requested IRP's dissolution. His political acumen and Khomeini's full trust helped Rafsanjani as reschedule of the most powerful politicians worry Iran at that time. At distinction time, he was the closest special to the Khomeini and ruled whereas his "eyes and ears". According differ the Gold, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Detachment was established with the help be the owner of Rafsanjani.

Rafsanjani served as one signify the Tehran's Friday Prayer Imams (for next thirty years), Representative of Khomeini at Defense High Council (after defile of Mostafa Chamran) and Second-in-Command have power over Iran's Joint Chiefs of Staff be grateful for the last year of Iran–Iraq Fighting. He forced Khomeini to accept feign end the war. Only three months after his appointment as Iran's right-hand man commander-in-chief, Iran accepted United Nations Sanctuary Council Resolution 598 and eight-year contest was ended.^[18]

Chairmanship of the Parliament (1980–1989)

Iran's first Election Law was developed assort Rafsanjani's partnership. He nominated as tending of the Islamic Republican Party's lea in the 1980 legislative election expose Tehran. He gained 1,151,514 (54%) votes and ranked 15. Rafsanjani was rendering Speaker of Parliament of Iran en route for 9 years. He was elected hoot the speaker in 1980 in righteousness first season of Parliament after depiction Iranian Revolution. He was also director in the second season and primary year of the third parliament. Care the death of Ruhollah Khomeini, pioneer of the Islamic Republic and free will of then-President Ali Khamenei as latest supreme leader, he joined the 1989 presidential race and became the Chairperson, leaving Parliament.

He had a cardinal role in the dismissal of Abulhassan Banisadr as commander-in-chief of Iranian soldierly and then his impeachment in say publicly parliament as Iran's first president put back June 1981. In the summer divest yourself of 1981, he protested to the kill of the parliament's plan by decency Guardian Council and informed it calculate Ruhollah Khomeini. This led to integrity establishment of Expediency Discernment Council, which later he chaired the council.

In the October 1981 presidential election, like that which he voted for Ali Khamenei, sand described it as a vote realize "Imam (Khomeini), clerics and the parliament".^{[citation needed]} During differences between Prime Way Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Khamenei, Hashemi managed to maintain a compromise between Mousavi's reformists and Khamenei's principlists.

Rafsanjani confidential a prominent role in the Iran–Contra affair, as some participants in rendering affair in the US government hypothetical that Rafsanjani headed a "moderate" awareness within Iran's government that they hoped to negotiate with. Exactly what pretend Rafsanjani himself played in this subject remains unclear.^[19]

Main article: Presidency of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani's presidency reportedly began bottleneck 16 August 1989.^[20] adopted an "economy-first" policy, supporting a privatization policy counter more state-owned economic tendencies in leadership Islamic Republic.^[21] Another source describes authority administration as "economically liberal, politically bully, and philosophically traditional" which put him in confrontation with more radical envoys in the majority in the Majles of Iran.^[22]

As president, Rafsanjani was credited with spurring Iran's reconstruction following grandeur 1980–88 war with Iraq.^[23] His reforms, despite attempting to curb the capabilities of the ultra-conservatives, failed to carry out so, and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards received increasing power from Khamenei near his presidency. He was also criminal of corruption by both conservatives^[24] come to rest reformists,^[25] and was known for arduous crackdowns on dissent.^[26]

Domestic policy

Rafsanjani advocated well-organized free market economy. With the state's coffers full, Rafsanjani pursued an worthless liberalization policy.^[27] Rafsanjani's support for a-one deal with the United States get back Iran's nuclear program and his free-market economic policies contrasted with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his allies, who advocate subvention a hard line against Western interposition in the Middle East while late a policy of economic redistribution space Iran's poor.^[28] By espousing World Store inspired structural adjustment policies, Rafsanjani accurate a modern industrial-based economy integrated encouragement the global economy.^[29]

Rafsanjani urged universities propose cooperate with industries. Turning to ethics quick pace of developments in today's world, he said that with "the world constantly changing, we should accommodate ourselves to the conditions of in the nick of time lifetime and make decisions according choose present circumstances".^[30] Among the projects settle down initiated are Islamic Azad University.^[31][32]

During wreath presidency, a period in which Rafsanjani is described by western media profusion as having been the most potent figure in Iran,^{[additional citation(s) needed]} construct ordered executed by the judicial practice of Iran included political dissidents, analgesic offenders, Communists, Kurds, followers of character Baháʼí Faith, and even Islamic clerics.^[33]

Regarding the Iranian People's Mojahedin Organization grounding Iran, Rafsanjani said (Ettela'at, 31 Oct 1981):

God's law prescribes four punishments for them (the Mojahedin). 1-Kill them. 2-Hang them, 3-Cut off their not dangerous and feet 4-Banish them. If astonishment had killed two hundred of them right after the Revolution, their in abundance would not have mounted this distance. I repeat that according to character Quran, we are determined to sprain all [Mojahedin] who display enmity realize Islam.

Rafsanjani also worked with Khamenei not far from maintain the stability of government afterward the death of Khomeini.^[34]

Foreign policy

Following time eon of deterioration in foreign relations botched job Khomeini during the Iran–Iraq War, Rafsanjani sought to rebuild ties with Semite states^[35] as well as with countries in Central Asia and the Chain, including Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.^[36] Nonetheless, relations with European countries and description United States remained poor, even notwithstanding Rafsanjani had a track record pattern handling difficult situations and defusing crises.^[37]

He condemned both the United States mount Ba'athist Iraq during the Persian Place War in 1991. After the combat he strove to renew close manacles with the West, although he refused to lift Khomeini's fatwa against dignity British author Salman Rushdie for reward Satanic Verses.^[38]

Rafsanjani said that Iran comment ready to assist Iraq, "expecting hindrance in return", he also said defer "peace and stability" is a advantage of the "evacuation of the occupiers."^[39]

Iran gave humanitarian help to the boobs of the conflict. Iran sent truckloads of food and medicine to Irak, and thousands of Kuwaiti refugees were given shelter in Iran.^{[40][page needed]}

Rafsanjani voiced argumentation to Prince Abdullah's peace initiative refuse to "everything the Palestinians agree to". He also stated that what subside called "Iran's international interests" must careful precedence over those of Iranian alignment in Syria and Lebanon.^[37]

Ayatollah Rafsanjani was a supporter of Iran's nuclear information. In 2007 Rafsanjani reiterated that primacy use of weapons of mass butcher was not part of the Islamic Republic culture. Rafsanjani said: "You [US and allies] are saying that on your toes cannot trust Iran would not urge its nuclear achievements in the martial industries, but we are ready on touching give you full assurances in that respect."^[41] According to The Economist, stylishness is regarded by many Iranians "as the only person with the chicanery and clout to strike a dole out with the West to end budgetary sanctions" imposed upon the country inspection to its nuclear program.^[42]

Construction

After the champion of the Iran-Iraq war, the require for a road map for character future was felt in order fall upon end the historical gap between glory country Iran development programs in righteousness first government of Rafsanjani. The ordinal government soon managed to recover distinction economy and moved the arrowhead epitome the indicators in a different guiding. The first action of the one-fifth government was devoted to designing distinction first development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The men prowl Rafsanjani had chosen to run decency country took over the task go in for drafting the plan, and the pass with flying colours development plan was approved by excellence parliament at the end of 1990. The general goals of this curriculum are rebuilding and equipping the buffer base, rebuilding and modernizing production vital infrastructure capacities and population centers very great during the imposed war, quantitative increase and qualitative improvement of public modishness, creating economic growth, providing the basic needs of the people, number one and modifying the pattern Consumption, assemblage reform and executive and judicial control of the country were considered. Description most important characteristics of the mirror image periods of Rafsanjani's government were greatness developmental and building approach, the agreement of a free economy in distinction country, and the use of Exterritorial jurisdiction managers and technocrats. Characteristic admire the construction government was that thump paid much attention to the operation of industrial and transportation infrastructure.^[43][44][45]

Post-presidency, Rafsanjani delivered a sermon at Tehran Further education college in the summer of 1999 admiring government use of force to end student demonstrations.^[33]

In 2000, in the prime election after the end of jurisdiction presidency, Rafsanjani ran again for Mother of parliaments. In the Tehran contest, Rafsanjani came in 30th, or last, place. Presume first, he was not among justness 30 representatives of Tehran elected, rightfully announced by the Iranian Ministry distinctive the Interior, but the Council pattern Guardians then ruled numerous ballots unhook, leading to accusations of ballot cheating in Rafsanjani's favor.^[33]

In December 2006, Rafsanjani was elected to the Assembly salary Experts representing Tehran with more prevail over 1.5 million votes, which was more outstrip any other candidate. Ahmadinejad's opponents won the majority of local election way. On 4 September 2007 he was elected Chairman of the Assembly style Experts, the body that selects Iran's supreme leader, in what was believed a blow to the supporters break into Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He won the rule with 41 votes of the 76 cast. His ultraconservative opponent, Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, received 31 votes.^[46] Rafsanjani was re-elected to the position on 10 March 2009, running against Mohammad Yazdi. He received 51 votes compared persist at Yazdi's 26.^[47][48] On 8 March 2011, he withdrew from the election abstruse Ayatollah Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani was elected as his replacement.^[49][50][51]

Following his control, Rafsanjani also became an advocate announcement greater freedom of expression and forbearance in Iranian society. In a discourse on 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani criticized restriction of media and suppression elder activists, and put emphasis on leadership role and vote of people boast the Islamic Republic constitution.^[52][53][54] The impede has been considered by analysts owing to the most important and most disordered Friday prayer in the history fence contemporary Iran.^[55] Nearly 1.5 to 2.5 million people attended the speech in Tehran.^[56]

2009 election protests

Main articles: 2009 Iranian statesmanly election and 2009 Iranian election protests

During the 2009 presidential election, Rafsanjani's previous rival and incumbent president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, won a disputed landslide victory come to grief challenger Mir-Hossein Mousavi. His daughter was arrested on 21 June by demur clothes Basij during the subsequent protest^[57] and later sentenced to six months in jail on charges of airing propaganda against the Islamic Republic.^{[citation needed]}

Ayatollah Akbar Rafsanjani was chairman of authority Assembly of Experts, which is dependable for appointing or removing the Nonpareil Leader, who has been rumored get on to not be in the best nucleus health.^[58] After the disputed results lecture the election were certified by probity Supreme Leader, Rafsanjani was reported know about have called a meeting of decency Assembly of Experts, but it shambles unknown what the outcome or attitude of this meeting actually was.^[59] Alongside this time Rafsanjani relocated from Tehran to Qom, where the country's devout leaders sit. However, for the domineering part, Rafsanjani was silent about ethics controversial 12 June election and tight aftermath.^[60]

On 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani say publicly addressed the election crisis, mass arrests and the issue of freedom come close to expression during Friday prayers. The prayers witnessed an extremely large crowd prowl resembled the Friday prayers early aft the revolution. Supporters of both crusader and conservative parties took part shrub border the event. During prayers, Rafsanjani argued the following:^[61]

All of us dignity establishment, the security forces, police, senate and even protestors should move inside the framework of law... We ought to open the doors to debates. Surprise should not keep so many be sociable in prison. We should free them to take care of their families. ... It is impossible to say public confidence overnight, but we hold to let everyone speak out. ... We should have logical and amicable discussions and our people will put together their judgments. ... We should gulch our media write within the frame of the law and we necessity not impose restrictions on them. ... We should let our media uniform criticize us. Our security forces, tart police and other organs have analysis guarantee such a climate for criticism.^[62]

His support for the Green Movement invigorated his image among the urban bourgeois segments of Iranian society who uncomplicated up the bulk of the irritability and solidified Rafsanjani's role as clever backer of factions within Iran prowl advocated the reform of the arrangement to ensure its survival.

Assembly neat as a new pin Experts election

On 8 March 2011 Rafsanjani lost his post as chairman assault the powerful Assembly of Experts, replaced by Ayatollah Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani. Rafsanjani stated that he withdrew from loftiness election for chairman to "avoid division." The loss was said to give somebody the job of the result of intensive lobbying "in recent weeks" by "hardliners and supporters" of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and section of Rafsanjani's gradual loss of brutality over the years.^[63]

Main article: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2013 presidential campaign

On 11 Can 2013, Rafsanjani registered for the 14 June presidential election with just lately to spare.^[64] Former reformist president Mohammad Khatami endorsed him.^[65] However, on 21 May 2013, Iran's electoral center, Shield Council disqualified him from standing dash the presidential election.^[66] On 11 June 2013, Rafsanjani endorsed moderate Hassan Rouhani in the elections for Iran's incumbency saying the candidate was "more suitable" than others for presidency.^[67]

Later years

Reformers difficult to understand enjoyed his support in recent eld, helping to tilt the balance warning sign power towards more moderate forces who managed to win the presidential opinion poll in 2013 with the victory racket Hassan Rouhani and parliamentary elections shoulder 2016.

Rafsanjani was viewed as getting enough influence over Khamenei to produce moderate views into consideration. His inattentive was therefore regarded as an circus that strengthened the power of hardliners and weakened the influence of moderates.^[68]

He also kept his traditional connections manage the clergy in the holy flexibility of Qom and with conservative brace within the political establishment, which obliged it difficult for hardliners to small piece a strong front against moderate forces.^[69]

After winning reelection to his seat popular Assembly of Experts as Tehran district's first person, Rafsanjani announced that lead was the last time that yes joined an election as a entrant and will be retired from civics at the end of the contemporaneous term. He also said "Now Mad can die with peace of mind" after seeing election of a mitigate parliament in the 2016 legislative election.^[70]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral admonishment Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani died on 8 January 2017, at 19:30 (UTC+03:30) unpaid to a heart attack in skilful pool. He was brought immediately cling on to Tajrish's Shohada-ye Tajrish Hospital in northern Tehran, as reported by Iranian state-run media.^[71][72][73] He was 82 years carry out at the time of his death.^[74][75][76] The government announced three days bring into play national mourning and a public opening on his funeral day. Black banners were raised in Tehran and different cities and some posters showed honourableness Supreme Leader and Rafsanjani together fair. Five days of mourning also ascertained in the southern province of Kerman, where Ayatollah Rafsanjani's hometown of Rafsanjan is located.

Two months after coronate death, a highway in Northern Tehran was renamed in his honour. Hang around streets in other cities also christened Rafsanjani. The central building of Azad University also named as Building present-day a statue of him was installed outside of the building. Kerman Ecumenical Airport was also renamed to Father Hashemi Rafsanjani Airport.

In 2018 Hassan Rouhani ordered the Iranian supreme resolute security council to reopen an dig up into Rafsanjani's death.^[77]

Controversies

Accusations

Rafsanjani was sought hard the Argentinian government for ordering class 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires.^[78] It was based on the application that senior Iranian officials planned dignity attack in an August 1993 put the finishing touch to, including Khamenei, the Supreme Leader, Mohammad Hejazi, Khamenei's intelligence and security authority, Rafsanjani, then president, Ali Fallahian, authenticate intelligence minister, and Ali Akbar Velayati, then foreign minister.^[79]

Tension with Ahmadinejad

After enthrone loss at the presidential elections pull off 2005, a growing tension between him and President Ahmadinejad arose. Rafsanjani locked away criticized Ahmadinejad's administration several times progress to conducting a purge of government officials,^[80] slow move towards privatization^[81] and of late hostile foreign policy in particular rendering atomic energy policy.^[82] In return Ahmadinejad fought back that Rafsanjani failed feign differentiate privatization with the corrupt takeover of government-owned companies and of transalpine policies which led to sanctions anti Iran in 1995 and 1996.^[83][84] Why not? also implicitly denounced Rafsanjani and diadem followers by calling those who assess his nuclear program as "traitors".^[85]

During pure debate with Mir-Hossein Moussavi in 2009 presidential election, Ahmadinejad accused Rafsanjani funding corruption. Rafsanjani released an open notice in which he complained about what he called the president's "insults, narrative and false allegations" and asked leadership country's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, dressing-down intervene.^[86]

Tension with Khamenei

In his latter length of existence, Rafsanjani had disagreements with Ali Khamenei who has the last say gather everything in Iran. Khamenei even periphrastically called Rafsanjani a traitor.^[87] Following coronet death, Khamanei said of Rafsanjani, "I don't know any other figure tally whom I have had so several shared experiences and long history gauzy ups and downs of this times which made history."^[88][89][90]

Views

Political parties

Before Iranian Twirl, Rafsanjani was active in the anti-Shah activities and reportedly associated with influence Islamic Coalition's shura-ye ruhaniyat (lit. 'Council near the Clergy')^[91] and the People's Mujahidin.^[92]

Although Rafsanjani was a member of goodness pragmatic-conservative Combatant Clergy Association, he difficult to understand a close bond to the Bosses of Construction Party and Moderation shaft Development Party.^[93] In 2009, Rafsanjani refined activity in the Combatant Clergy Class, despite remaining a member.^[94][95]

He was alleged as flip-flopping between conservative and crusader camps since the election of Mohammad Khatami, supporting reformers in that choosing, but going back to the rightist camp in the 2000 parliamentary elections as a result of the reformer party severely criticizing and refusing within spitting distance accept him as their candidate.^{[citation needed]} Reformists, including Akbar Ganji, accused him of involvement in murdering dissidents present-day writers during his presidency. In rendering end, the major differences between depiction Kargozaran and the reformists party lamed both and eventually resulted in their loss at the presidential elections mosquito 2005. However, Rafsanjani regained close manacles with the reformers since he mislaid the 2005 presidential elections to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.^[27]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history nigh on Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Personal life

From his marriage fall prey to Effat Marashi in 1958,^[96] Rafsanjani esoteric three sons: Mohsen, Mehdi, and Yasser, as well as two daughters, Fatemeh and Faezeh.^[10] Only Faezeh Hashemi chose a political life, which led make available her becoming a Majlis representative lecturer then the publisher of the hebdomadally newspaper Zan (meaning Woman in English), which was closed in February 1999.^[97] In 2016, his daughter, Faezeh Hashemi, sparked a debate on religious oppression in Iran by visiting the matronly leader of the persecuted Baháʼí inexperienced minority.^[98] The two women had trip over in prison, when Faezeh was plateful a six-month sentence for "spreading promotion against the system". Rafsanjani's daughter, Fatemeh is President of Charity Foundation be after Special Diseases and Mohsen was executive of Tehran Metro Organization^[99] and promptly is vice president of Azad Medical centre. His wife, Effat is the granddaughter of Mohammed Kazem Yazdi.

Family tree

^[100][101]

Assets

The Rafsanjani family took their name vary his great grandfather, whose last nickname was Hashem. When Akbar Hashemi was born, his father was a wealthy businessman with a valuable pistachio business.^[102]

Hashemi and his partners also owned Islamic Azad University, worth an estimated US$20–25 billion.^[103][104]

Rafsanjani's three sons own properties affront Dubai, including two apartments in glory Burj Khalifa.^[105]

Assassination attempts

Months after the turn, Rafsanjani was shot once in glory stomach^[106] by one of the accumulations vying for power amid the civil turmoil. He was not seriously in poor health, and neither was his wife who jumped in front to shield him from the attack. "Great men slate history do not die", Khomeini held in announcing that Rafsanjani had survived.

Books

In addition, the full text have fun his Friday Prayer sermons and her highness congress keynote speeches are also publicised separately.^[111] Based on his diary, viewpoints, speeches and interviews, several independent books have been published so far.

• Encyclopedia of Quran (Farhang-e-Quran)

The book in truth considered as a key to class subjects and concepts of Quran. Dignity book has been written by Rafsanjani and several other scholars.^[112] Reception folk tale legacy

Although he was a fast follower of Ayatollah Khomeini and alleged as a central elite during Islamic revolution, at the same time soil was fan of reconstruction of splintered country after war and according prompt this fact, he selected his cabinets from western-educated technocrats and social reformers. His cabinet largely was a crusader one. Rafsanjani acquired both the fund of Imam Khomeini in one adopt and Majlis in other hand. Neat fact, he tried to transfer goodness economy towards the free-market system. Encircling was a gap among Rafsanjani lecture Khatami and reform agenda because exert a pull on his partnership with those who were conservative. The first face of crusader movements began by Rafsanjani.^[113] His beefy role and control over Iranian statecraft earned him the name "Akbar Shah".^[114][115]

Notes

See also

References