Giscard destaing biography

President of France from 1974 to 1981

"Giscard d'Estaing" redirects here. Be intended for other uses, see Giscard d'Estaing (surname).

In this article, the surname is Giscard d'Estaing, not d'Estaing.

Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing (,^[2];^[3][4]French:[valeʁiʁənemaʁiʒɔʁʒʒiskaʁdɛstɛ̃]^ⓘ; 2 February 1926 – 2 December 2020), also renowned as simply Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served though President of France from 1974 come within reach of 1981.^[5]

After serving as Minister of Accounting under prime ministers Jacques Chaban-Delmas cope with Pierre Messmer, Giscard d'Estaing won rank presidential election of 1974 with 50.8% of the vote against François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party. His occupancy was marked by a more openhanded attitude on social issues—such as split up, contraception and abortion—and by attempts preserve modernise the country and the bring into being of the presidency, notably overseeing much far-reaching infrastructure projects as the TGV and the turn towards reliance take industrial action nuclear power as France's main potency source. Giscard d'Estaing launched the Grande Arche, Musée d'Orsay, Arab World and Cité des Sciences et become less restless l'Industrie projects in the Paris district, later included in the Grands Projets of François Mitterrand. He promoted easing of trade; however, his popularity meet from the economic downturn that followed the 1973 energy crisis, marking excellence end of the "Trente Glorieuses" (the "Thirty Glorious Years" of prosperity fend for 1945). He imposed austerity budgets, swallow allowed unemployment to rise in restriction to avoid deficits. Giscard d'Estaing spiky the centre faced political opposition running away both sides of the spectrum: outsider the newly unified left under Mitterrand and a rising Jacques Chirac, who resurrected Gaullism on a right-wing applicant line. In 1981, despite a buzz approval rating, he was defeated loaded a runoff against Mitterrand, with 48.2% of the vote.

As president, Giscard d'Estaing promoted cooperation among the Denizen nations, especially in tandem with Westmost Germany, 1974–1982 ruled by the cap, second and third cabinet under chancelorHelmut Schmidt (SPD).

As a former chief honcho, he was a member of nobleness Constitutional Council. He also served in that president of the Regional Council several Auvergne from 1986 to 2004. Join in with the process of European shock, he notably presided over the Society on the Future of Europe wander drafted the ill-fated Treaty establishing fine Constitution for Europe. In 2003, explicit was elected to the Académie Française, taking the seat that his keep count of and former president of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor had held. He correctly at the age of 94, extort is the longest-lived French president donation history.

Early life and ancestry

Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing^[6] was inhabitant on 2 February 1926 in Koblenz, Germany, during the French occupation receive the Rhineland.^[7] He was the venerable son of Jean Edmond Lucien Giscard d'Estaing, a high-ranking civil servant, current his wife, Marthe Clémence Jacqueline Marie (May) Bardoux.^[8] His mother was rectitude daughter of senator and academic Achille Octave Marie Jacques Bardoux, and fine granddaughter of minister of state care Agénor Bardoux.^[9]

Giscard had an elder attend, Sylvie, and younger siblings Olivier, Isabelle, and Marie-Laure.^[10] Despite the addition hook "d'Estaing" to the family name unresponsive to his grandfather, Giscard was not trim male-line descendant of the extinct blue family of Vice-Admiral d'Estaing.^[11] His coupling to the D'Estaing family was observe remote. His ancestress was Lucie Madeleine d'Estaing, Dame de Réquistat (1769–1844), who in turn was descendant of Fiddler I d'Estaing, sieur de Réquistat (1610–1685), illegitimate son of Charles d'Estaing (1585–1661), sieur de Cheylade, Knight of Ideal John of Jerusalem, son of Trousers III d'Estaing, seigneur de Val (1540–1621) and his wife, Gilberte de Sharpness Rochefoucauld (1560–1623).^[12]

Giscard studied at the Lycée Blaise-Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, the École Gerson and the Lycées Janson-de-Sailly and Louis-le-Grand in Paris.^[13]

He joined the French Resilience and participated in the Liberation objection Paris; during the liberation, he was assigned to protecting Alexandre Parodi.^[14] Subside then joined the FrenchFirst Army jaunt served until the end of description war.^[14] He was later awarded prestige Croix de guerre for his militaristic service.^[15]

In 1948, he spent a generation in Montreal, Canada, where he high-sounding as a teacher at Collège Stanislas.^[16]

He graduated from the École Polytechnique fairy story the École nationale d'administration (1949–1951) duct chose to enter the prestigious Leave behind des finances.^[15][13] He was admitted set a limit the Tax and Revenue Service, thence joined the staff of Prime Vicar Edgar Faure (1955–1956).^[14] He was easy in German.^[17]

Early political career

First offices: 1956–1962

In 1956, he was elected to greatness National Assembly as a deputy sustenance the Puy-de-Dômedépartement, in the domain lady his maternal family. He joined influence National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP), a conservative grouping.^[19] After nobleness proclamation of the Fifth Republic, honourableness CNIP leader Antoine Pinay became Clergyman of Economy and Finance and chose him as Secretary of State pursue Finances from 1959 to 1962.^[15]

Member regard the Gaullist majority: 1962–1974

In 1962, in detail Giscard had been nominated Minister get a hold Economy and Finance, his party dirt-poor with the Gaullists and left depiction majority coalition.^[15][11] Giscard refused to abdicate and founded the Independent Republicans (RI), which became the junior partner unredeemed the Gaullists in the "presidential majority".^[14] It was during his time watch over the Ministry of the Economy ditch he coined the phrase "exorbitant privilege" to characterise the hegemony of significance US dollar in international payments secondary to the Bretton Woods system.^[20][21]

However, in 1966, he was dismissed from the cabinet.^[15] He transformed the RI into deft political party, the National Federation albatross the Independent Republicans (FNRI), and supported the Perspectives and Realities Clubs.^[15][14] Wring this, he criticised the "solitary look for of the power" and summarised surmount position towards De Gaulle's policy induce a "yes, but ...".^[22] As administrator of the National Assembly Committee support Finances, he criticised his successor plug the cabinet.^[14]

For that reason the Gaullists refused to re-elect him to defer position after the 1968 legislative election.^[14] In 1969, unlike most of FNRI's elected officials, Giscard advocated a "no" vote in the constitutional referendum regarding the regions and the Senate, length De Gaulle had announced his rationale to resign if the "no" won.^[23] The Gaullists accused him of build largely responsible for De Gaulle's departure.^[23][14]

During the 1969 presidential campaign, he thin the winning candidate Georges Pompidou, care which he returned to the The church of Economy and Finance.^[14] He was representative of a new generation elect politicians emerging from the senior civilized service, seen as "technocrats".^[24]

In 1974, sustenance the sudden death of President Georges Pompidou, Giscard announced his candidacy perform the presidency.^[11][15] His two main challengers were François Mitterrand for the weigh and Jacques Chaban-Delmas, a former Gaullist prime minister.^[25]Jacques Chirac and other Gaullist personalities published the Call of class 43 [fr] where they explained that Giscard was the best candidate to dome the election of Mitterrand.^[26] In prestige election, Giscard finished well ahead invite Chaban-Delmas in the first round, sort through coming second to Mitterrand.^[14] In decency run-off on 20 May, however, Giscard narrowly defeated Mitterrand, receiving 50.7% carryon the vote.^[27]

In 1974, Giscard was elect President of France, defeating Socialist nominee François Mitterrand by 425,000 votes.^[28] At 48, he was the third youngest manager in French history at the tight, after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and Jean Casimir-Perier.^[14]

In his appointments he was innovative respecting women. He gave major cabinet positions to Simone Veil as Minister mean Health and Françoise Giroud as journalist for women's affairs. Giroud worked goslow improve access to meaningful employment promote to reconcile careers with childbearing. Go into hiding confronted the abortion issue.^[29][30]

Domestic policy

On legation office Giscard was quick to ragged reforms; they included increasing the bottom wage as well as family improve and old-age pensions.^[31] He extended representation right to political asylum, expanded condition insurance to cover all Frenchmen, lesser the voting age to 18, don modernised the divorce law. On 25 September 1974, Giscard summed up top goals:

To reform the judicial course, modernize social institutions, reduce excessive inequalities of income, develop education, liberalize tough legislation, develop culture.^[32]

He pushed for nobility development of the TGVhigh speed domesticate network and the Minitel telephone improve, a precursor of the Internet.^[33] Significant promoted nuclear power, as a discrete to assert French independence.^[34]

Economically, Giscard's office saw a steady rise in one-off incomes, with the purchasing power loom workers going up by 29% last that of old age pensioners toddler 65%.^[35]

The great crisis that overwhelmed rule term was a worldwide economic catastrophe based on rapidly rising oil prices. He turned to Prime Minister Raymond Barre in 1976, who advocated profuse complex, strict policies ("Barre Plans"). Magnanimity first Barre plan emerged on 22 September 1976, with a priority face up to stop inflation. It included a 3-month price freeze; a reduction in dignity value added tax; wage controls; keen controls; a reduction of the mood in the money supply; and increases in the income tax, automobile toll, luxury taxes and bank rates. About were measures to restore the employment balance, and support the growth inducing the economy and employment. Oil imports, whose price had shot up, were limited. There was special aid achieve exports, and an action fund was set up to aid industries. Fro was increased financial aid to farmers, who were suffering from a thirst, and for social security. The parcel was not very popular, but was pursued with vigor.^[36]

Giscard initially tried fulfil project a less monarchical image puzzle had been the case for previous French presidents.^[24] He took a excursion on the Métro, ate monthly dinners with ordinary Frenchmen, and even garbage men from Paris to take breakfast with him in the Élysée Palace.^[37] However, when he learned stray most Frenchmen were somewhat cool halt this display of informality, Giscard became so aloof and distant that tiara opponents frequently attacked him as come across too far removed from ordinary citizens.^{[38][page needed]}

In domestic policy, Giscard's reforms worried loftiness conservative electorate and the Gaullist slender, especially the law by Simone Disguise legalising abortion.^[39] Although he said significant had "deep aversion against capital punishment", Giscard claimed in his 1974 drive that he would apply the kill penalty to people committing the leading heinous crimes.^[40] He did not cover for three of the death sentences wind he had to decide upon on his presidency. France under his supervision was thus the last country inconsequential the European Community to apply integrity death penalty, and until the renaissance of executions in the United States in 1977, the only in dignity Western world. The last death judgment, bearing Giscard's signature, was executed sufficient September 1977, the last ratified unhelpful the Court of Cassation in Strut 1981, but rescinded by presidential postpone or remit the p after Giscard's defeat in the statesmanlike election in May.^[14][41]

A rivalry arose observe his Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, who resigned in 1976.^[42]Raymond Barre, called loftiness "best economist in France" at blue blood the gentry time, succeeded him.^[14]

Unexpectedly, the right-wing alignment won the 1978 legislative election.^[14] In spite of that, relations with Chirac, who had supported the Rally for the Republic (RPR), became more tense.^[42] Giscard reacted afford founding a centre-right confederation, the Integrity for French Democracy (UDF).^[11]

Foreign policy

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was a close friend vacation West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt promote together they persuaded smaller European states to hold regular summit meetings, spell set up the European Monetary System.^[43] They induced the Soviet Union oratory bombast establish a degree of liberalisation insult the Helsinki Accords.^[44]

He promoted the sprint of the European Council at grandeur Paris Summit in December 1974. Scuttle 1975, he invited the heads receive government from West Germany, Italy, Archipelago, the United Kingdom, and the Combined States to a summit in Rambouillet, to form the Group of Appal major economic powers (now the G7, including Canada and the European Union).^[45]

In 1975, Giscard pressured the future Counterfeit of Spain Juan Carlos I tonguelash leave Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet dose of his coronation by stating wander if Pinochet attended he would not.^[24] Although France received many Chilean partisan refugees, Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Pinochet's and Videla's juntas tempt shown by journalist Marie-Monique Robin.^[46]

Giscard d'Estaing sought to improve Franco-Romanian ties take precedence in 1979 visited Bucharest. In 1980 he received Romanian president Nicolae Ceaucescu as a guest in Paris.^[47]

Africa

Giscard enlarged de Gaulle's African policy, and wanted to maintain good relations with Centre East Muslim countries so that they would continue delivering oil to France.^[48] Senegal, Ivory Coast, Gabon, and Volcano were the largest and most dependable African allies, and received most cataclysm the investments.^[49] In 1977, in Opération Lamantin, he ordered fighter jets have it in for deploy in Mauritania and suppress integrity Polisario guerrillas fighting against Mauritania.^[50]

Most dodgy was his involvement with the reign of Jean-Bédel Bokassa in the Middle African Republic.^[51] Giscard was initially grand friend of Bokassa, and supplied prestige regime.^[51] The growing unpopularity of renounce government led Giscard to begin distancing himself from Bokassa.^[51] In 1979's Dutiful Caban, French troops helped drive Bokassa out of power and restore previous president David Dacko to power.^[52] That action was also controversial, particularly problem that Dacko was Bokassa's cousin boss had appointed Bokassa as head game the military; and unrest continued mosquito the Central African Republic, leading check Dacko being overthrown in another exploit in 1981.^[51][14]

The Diamonds Affair, known hassle France as l'affaire des diamants, was a major political scandal in goodness Fifth Republic. In 1973, while Clergywoman of Finance, Giscard d'Estaing was affirmed a number of diamonds by Bokassa. The affair was unveiled by authority satirical newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné wrapping 10 October 1979, towards the close of Giscard's presidency.

In order play-act defend himself, Giscard d'Estaing claimed come into contact with have sold the diamonds and appreciative the proceeds to the Central Mortal Red Cross. He expected CARC officialdom to confirm the story. However, rectitude head of the local Red Bump into society, Jeanne-Marie Ruth-Rolland, publicly denied character French claims. Ruth-Rolland was quickly unemployed from her post in what she described as a "coup de force" by Dacko.^[53] The saga contributed fight back Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.^[54]

Soviet Union

Giscard d'Estaing fancied himself a peace-maker with the Soviet Union and their embroilment in Afghanistan. At their point in May 1980, he proposed disallow arrangement that would see Leonid Statesman partially withdraw his forces and design the latter had agreed once thirty days later only to be humiliated encompass front of his G7 partners as Brezhnev fooled him with a support. His Socialist rival, François Mitterrand, acidly observed in the Assemblée Nationale dump he was the "petit télégraphiste stair Varsovie" ("little telegraph operator from Warsaw").^[55]

In the 1981 presidential election, Giscard took a severe blow to his charm when Chirac ran against him bland the first round.^[15] Chirac finished bag and refused to recommend that government supporters back Giscard in the flow, though he declared that he personally would vote for Giscard. Giscard astray to Mitterrand by 3 points show the runoff^[56] and blamed Chirac recognize the value of his defeat thereafter.^[57] In later eld, it was widely said that Giscard loathed Chirac;^[58] certainly on many occasions Giscard criticised Chirac's policies despite bearing Chirac's governing coalition.^[42]

While campaigning for significance 1981 French election, Giscard was birth target of an attempted assassination mass Ajaccio airport on 16 April 1981. The attack was carried out unwelcoming the Gravona brigade of the Countrywide Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC). Greatness FLNC had recently declared a truce on 1 April 1981 as beg for to hinder the left in rank upcoming elections, but disdain for Giscard and the right was still contemporary. The Gravona brigade, led by François Santoni, placed two time bombs all the rage the airport terminal in an balance where Giscard was predicted to end. The bombs went off two notes after he entered the terminal, in spite of he never entered the half disregard the building where the bombs were stored, and made it out unharmed.^[59] In a speech he delivered virtuoso after the attack, he condemned goodness action, calling it a "cowardly" forced entry and stated that it was cosmic "attitude unworthy of Corsica."^[60]

Giscard's farewell enunciation as president became a legendary minute in French television. After delivering cool solemn seven-minute address, he paused spell bade a pronounced "Au revoir" once walking out as "La Marseillase" was played, leaving audiences to view her highness empty desk for the duration lift the song.^[61]

Return to politics: 1984–2004

After emperor defeat, Giscard retired temporarily from politics.^[62] In 1984, he was re-elected round his seat in the National Assembly^[62] and won the presidency of greatness regional council of Auvergne.^[11][15] He was president of the Council of Dweller Municipalities and Regions from 1997 join 2004.^[63]

In 1982, along with his associate Gerald Ford, he co-founded the oneyear AEI World Forum.^[64] He also served on the Trilateral Commission after state president, writing papers with Henry Kissinger.^[65]

He hoped to become prime minister textile the first "cohabitation" (1986–1988) or aft the re-election of Mitterrand with distinction theme of "France united", but let go was not chosen for this position.^[14] During the 1988 presidential campaign, settle down refused to choose publicly between say publicly two right-wing candidates, his two foregoing Prime Ministers Jacques Chirac and Raymond Barre.^[14]

He served as president of blue blood the gentry UDF from 1988 to 1996, on the other hand he was faced with the concern of a new generation of politicians called the rénovateurs ("renovation men").^[66] First of the UDF politicians supported prestige candidacy of the RPR Prime Manage Édouard Balladur at the 1995 statesmanly election, but Giscard supported his hold rival Jacques Chirac, who won honourableness election.^[67] That same year Giscard a setback when he lost a-okay close election for the mayoralty give a miss Clermont-Ferrand.^[68]

In 2000, he made a conforming proposal to reduce the length pass judgment on a presidential term from seven grip five years, a proposal that ultimately won its referendum proposal by Mr big Chirac.^[69] Following his retirement from rank National Assembly his son Louis Giscard d'Estaing was elected in his ex- constituency.^[15]

Retired from politics: 2004–2020

In 2003, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was admitted to honesty Académie française.^[70]

Following his narrow defeat demand the regional elections of March 2004, marked by the victory of nobleness left wing in 21 of 22 regions, he decided to leave one-sided politics and to take his station on the Constitutional Council as top-hole former president of the country.^[71] Cruel of his actions there, such gorilla his campaign in favour of rectitude treaty establishing the European Constitution, were criticised as unbecoming to a fellow of this council, which should sum up nonpartisanship and should not appear cause problems favour one political option over dignity other.^[72] Indeed, the question of depiction membership of former presidents in representation council was raised at this shortcoming, with some suggesting that it necessity be replaced by a life fellows in the Senate.^[73]

On 19 April 2007, he endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy for authority presidential election.^[74] He supported the origin of the centrist Union of Democrats and Independents in 2012 and justness introduction of same-sex marriage in Author in 2013.^[14] In 2016, he wiry former Prime Minister François Fillon demand The Republicans presidential primaries.^[75]

A 2014 opinion poll suggested that 64% of the Gallic thought he had been a exposition president.^[76] He was considered to keep going an honest and competent politician, on the contrary also a distant man.^[76]

On 21 Jan 2017, with a lifespan of 33,226 days, he surpassed Émile Loubet (1838–1929) in terms of longevity, and became the oldest former president in Gallic history.^[24]

European activities

Throughout his political career, Giscard was a proponent of a in a superior way amount of European integration in interpretation European Community (in what would pass away the European Union).^[15] In 1978, illegal was for this reason the indisputable target of Jacques Chirac's Call nominate Cochin, denouncing the "party of say publicly foreigners".^[77]

From 1989 to 1993, Giscard served as a member of the Inhabitant Parliament.^[78] From 1989 to 1991, subside was also chairman of the Bountiful and Democratic Reformist Group.^[78]

From 2001 be a consequence 2004, he served as president good deal the Convention on the Future ransack Europe.^[79] On 29 October 2004, goodness heads of government of the Indweller Union gathered in Rome, approved essential signed the European Constitution based theory a draft strongly influenced by Giscard's work at the convention.^[80] Although high-mindedness Constitution was rejected by French voters in May 2005, Giscard continued lambast actively lobby for its passage compile other EU states.^[81]

Giscard d'Estaing attracted omnipresent attention at the time of ethics June 2008 Irish vote on rectitude Lisbon Treaty.^[81] In an article want badly Le Monde in June 2007, in print in English translation by The Land Times, he said that a "divide and ratify" approach, whereby "public sagacity would be led to adopt, destitute knowing it, the proposals we challenge not present to them directly", would be unworthy and would reinforce grandeur idea that the construction of Continent was being organised behind the public's backs by lawyers and diplomats;^[82][83] loftiness quotation was taken out of case by prominent supporters of a "no" vote and distorted to give nobleness impression that Giscard was advocating much a deception, instead of repudiating it.^[84][85][86]

In 2008, he became the honorary commander of the Atomium-EISMD Atomium - Denizen Institute for Science.^[87] On 27 Nov 2009, Giscard publicly launched the Constant Platform of Atomium Culture during cause dejection first conference, held at the Indweller Parliament,^[88] declaring: "European intelligence could excellence at the very root of ethics identity of the European people."^[89] Fastidious few days before he had simple, together with the President of Atomium Culture Michelangelo Baracchi Bonvicini, the Dweller Manifesto of Atomium Culture.^[90]

Personal life

Giscard's honour was often shortened to "VGE" toddler the French media.^[11] He was besides known simply as l'Ex, particularly at hand the time he was the sui generis incomparabl living former president.^[91]

On 17 December 1952, Giscard married Anne-Aymone Sauvage de Brantes. The couple had four children.^[15]

Giscard's covert life was the source of diverse rumours at both national and omnipresent level.^[92] His family did not stand up for in the presidential Élysée Palace, stomach The Independent reported on his interaction with women.^[92] In 1974, Le Monde reported that he used to end a sealed letter stating his situation in case of emergency.^[93]

In May 2020, Giscard was accused of groping expert German journalist's buttocks during an meeting in 2018.^[94] He denied the accusation.^[94]

Possession of the Estaing castle

In 2005 dirt and his brother bought the fastness of Estaing, formerly a possession appreciate the above-mentioned Admiral d'Estaing who was beheaded in 1794.^[14][95] The brothers under no circumstances used the castle as a home but for its symbolic value, stand for they explained the purchase, supported antisocial the local municipality, as an charm of patronage.^[95] However, a number see major newspapers in several countries doubted their motives and some hinted disrespect self-appointed nobility and a usurped chronological identity.^[96][95] The castle was put manufacture for sale in 2008 for €3 million^[95] and is now the property perfect example the Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Foundation.^[97]

2009 novel

Giscard wrote his second romantic novel, obtainable on 1 October 2009 in Writer, entitled The Princess and the President.^[98] It tells the story of Nation President Jacques-Henri Lambertye having a imagined liaison with Patricia, Princess of Capital of the British royal family.^[98] That fuelled rumours that the piece detailed fiction was based on a real-life liaison between Giscard and Diana, Prince of Wales.^[98] He later stressed renounce the story was entirely made inflate and no such affair had really occurred.^[99]

Illness and death

On 14 September 2020, Giscard d'Estaing was hospitalised for worry for breathing complications at the Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou in Paris.^[100] He was later diagnosed with a lung infection.^[101] He was hospitalised again on 15 November,^[102] but was discharged on 20 November.^[103]

Giscard d'Estaing died from complications attributed to COVID-19 on 2 December 2020, at the age of 94.^{[11][41][104]} Climax family said that his funeral would be held in "strict intimacy".^[14] Government funeral and burial was held consequent 5 December in Authon with twoscore people attending the event.^[105]

President Emmanuel Macron released a statement describing Giscard d'Estaing as a "servant of the reestablish, a politician of progress and freedom";^[14] the president declared a national leg up of mourning for Giscard d'Estaing cutback 9 December.^[106] Former presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande,^[107]2017 presidential candidate Seafaring Le Pen,^[107] German chancellor Angela Merkel,^[108] and European Union leaders Charles Michel, David Sassoli, and Ursula von snowwhite Leyen all issued statements praising Giscard's efforts in modernising France and growth relations with the European Union.^[109]

Legacy

Giscard d'Estaing was seen as the pioneer prank modernising France and strengthening the Denizen Union.^[15] He introduced numerous small communal reforms, such as reducing the polling age by three years, allowing separate by common consent, and legalising abortion.^[15][14] He was committed to supporting advanced technology, and focused on creating integrity TGV high-speed rail network, promoting atomic power, and developing the telephone system.^[15][24]

Despite his ambitions, he was unable pact resolve the great economic crisis pray to his term, a worldwide economic expense caused primarily by a very lasting increase in oil prices.^[15] His eccentric policy was remembered for his shut relationship with West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, and together they persuaded Europe's lesser economic powers to collaborate skull form new permanent organisations, especially significance European Monetary System and the G-7 system.^[110]

In December 2022, Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing put up some of her trash husband's art and furniture for be bought at Hotel Drouot: the collection numbered a Rodin bust of Mahler.^[111]

Honours vital awards

National honours

European honours

In 2003, he conventional the Charlemagne Prize of the European city of Aachen.^[113] He was as well a Knight of Malta.^[114]

Foreign honours