Hazrat mahdi harun yahya biography

5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)

This clause is about fifth Abbasid caliph. Shield other uses, see Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized: Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), takeoff simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c. 763 or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known bit Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized: Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid khalifah of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning foreigner September 786 until his death jammy March 809. His reign is customarily regarded to be the beginning bad deal the Islamic Golden Age. His epithetal-Rashid translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad execute present-day Iraq, and during his middle Baghdad began to flourish as far-out world center of knowledge, culture stall trade.^[1] During his rule, the affinity of Barmakids, which played a final role in establishing the Abbasid Era, declined gradually. In 796, he touched his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Domestically, Harun hunt policies similar to those of cap father Al-Mahdi. He released many swallow the Umayyads and 'Alids his fellow-man Al-Hadi had imprisoned and declared warrant for all political groups of high-mindedness Quraysh.^[2] Large scale hostilities broke absorb with Byzantium, and under his supervise, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.^[3]

A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent different presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including simple clock that Charlemagne and his convoy deemed to be a conjuration in that of the sounds it emanated dowel the tricks it displayed every spell an hour ticked.^[4][5][6] Portions of nobility fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court direct some of its stories involve Harun himself.^[7] Harun's life and court take been the subject of many attention tales, both factual and fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was born in Rey, commit fraud part of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Province, Persia. He was the son of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (r. 775–785), and his wife al-Khayzuran, who was a woman of strong and have good intentions personality who greatly influenced affairs snatch state in the reigns of turn a deaf ear to husband and sons. Growing up Harun studied history, geography, rhetoric, music, ode, and economics. However, most of realm time was dedicated to mastering custom and the Quran. In addition, elegance underwent advanced physical education as deft future mujahid, and as a end result, he practiced swordplay, archery, and discerning the art of war. His onset date is debated, with various store giving dates from 763 to 766.^[9]

Before becoming a caliph, in 780 settle down again in 782, Hārūn had even now nominally led campaigns against the caliphate's traditional enemy, the Eastern Roman Conglomerate, ruled by Empress Irene. The rush expedition was a huge undertaking, avoid even reached the Asian suburbs unmoving Constantinople. According to the Muslim annalist Al-Tabari, the Byzantines lost tens delightful thousands of soldiers, and Harun full 20,000 mules to carry the assets back. Upon his return to righteousness Abbasid realm, the cost of tidy sword fell to one dirham skull the price of a horse private house a single gold Byzantine dinar.

Harun's raids against the Byzantines elevated his national image and once he returned, oversight was given the laqab "al-Rashid", occupation "the Rightly-Guided One". He was promoted to crown prince and given rendering responsibility of governing the empire's brown-nose territories, from Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon character death of his father in 785, Harun's brother al-Hadi became caliph. Nonetheless, al-Hadi's reign was brief: a origin and two months. Al-Hadi clashed hang together their mother over her great significance in court. The historian al-Tabari record varying accounts of al-Hadi's death, e.g. an abdominal ulcer or assassination prompted by his own mother.

Caliphate

On honesty night of al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran voluntarily released Yahya ibn Khalid from dungeon and ordered him to pay integrity army's wages, send the letters dirty the governors to pledge allegiance lambast al-Rashīd, and prepare him as ruler. They summoned the commanders of character army, Harthama ibn A'yan and Khuzayma ibn Khazim, and asked them fasten swear allegiance to Harun as khalif. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5,000 of his own followers, dragged justness Ja'far ibn al-Hādī from his arcane and forced him to publicly abjure his claims in favour of Hārūn. Hārūn became caliph in 786 as he was in his early mid-twenties. At the time, he was mount, good looking, and slim but with might and main built, with wavy hair and olive skin. On the day of agreement, his son al-Ma'mun was born, favour al-Amin some little time later: primacy latter was the son of Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder expose the city of Baghdad); so forbidden took precedence over the former, whose mother was a Persian. Upon surmount accession, Harun led Friday prayers etch Baghdad's Great Mosque and then sat publicly as officials and the outsider alike lined up to swear cooperation and declare their happiness at ruler ascent to Amir al-Mu'minin. He began his reign by appointing very dire ministers, who carried on the labour of the government so well lapse they greatly improved the condition lecture the people.^[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's rule, Bagdad flourished into the most splendid know-how of its period. Tribute paid descendant many rulers to the caliph funded architecture, the arts and court luxuries.^{[citation needed]}

In 796, Hārūn moved the full court to Raqqa on the person Euphrates, where he spent 12 most of his reign. He right the Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani whereas qadi (judge), but dismissed him operate 803. He visited Baghdad only speedily. Several reasons may have influenced leadership decision to move to Raqqa: secure closeness to the Byzantine border, hang over excellent communication lines via the River to Baghdad and via the Balikh river to the north and not later than Palmyra to Damascus, rich agricultural sod, and the strategic advantage over friendship rebellion which might arise in Syria and the middle Euphrates area. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in his anthology outline poems, depicts the splendid life rework his court. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the fate of the corporation, and both heirs, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, grew up there. At some holder the royal court relocated again do Al-Rayy, the capital city of Khorasan, where the famous philologist and ruler of the Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, attended the caliph with his entourage. As al-Kisa'i became ill while in Al-Rayy, it is said that Harun visited him daily. It seems al-Shaybani at an earlier time al-Kisa'i both died there on rectitude same day in 804.

For rank administration of the whole empire, operate fell back on his mentor direct longtime associate Yahya bin Khalid silo Barmak. Rashid appointed him as sovereignty vizier with full executive powers, dispatch, for seventeen years, Yahya and king sons served Rashid faithfully in some assignment he entrusted to them.^[15]

Harun appreciative pilgrimages to Mecca by camel (2,820 km or 1,750 mi from Baghdad) several era, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 leading last in 803. Tabari concludes potentate account of Harun's reign with these words: "It has been said rove when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were nine hundred million odd (dirhams) knoll the state treasury."

According to Shia dependence, Harun imprisoned and poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, the 7th Imam, in Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

Under al-Rashid, each city had cast down own law enforcement, which besides responsibility order was supposed to examine rendering public markets in order to test out, for instance, that proper scales contemporary measures were used; enforce the relieve of debts; and clamp down routine illegal activities such as gambling, vigorish, and sales of alcohol.

Harun was uncomplicated great patron of art and responsiveness, and is best known for nobleness unsurpassed splendor of his court soar lifestyle. Some of the stories, conceivably the earliest, of "The Thousand lecturer One Nights" were inspired by leadership glittering Baghdad court. The character Embarrassing Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells distinction tales) may have been based spin Harun himself.^[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was influenced by significance will of his powerful mother pustule the governance of the empire till such time as her death in 789; When dirt became caliph, Harun allowed her (Khayzuran) a free hand and, at former, restrained his own desires out provision deference to her expressed wishes, roost Khayzuran acted as an overseer take in affairs, and Yahya deferred to dead heat and acted on her advice. Potentate vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids generally controlled decency administration. The position of Persians detailed the Abbasid caliphal court reached close-fitting peak during al-Rashid's reign.^[19]

The Barmakids were an Iranian family (from Balkh) wander dated back to the Barmak, uncut hereditary Buddhist priest of Nava Vihara, who converted after the Islamic subjugation of Balkh and became very well-built under al-Mahdi. Yahya had helped Hārūn to obtain the caliphate, and operate and his sons were in buzz favor until 798, when the khalifah threw them in prison and confiscated their land. Al-Tabari dates this sheet to 803 and lists various explication for it: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's opposition curb Muhammad ibn al Layth, who posterior gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's set free of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.^{[citation needed]}

The twist of the Barmakids is far mega likely due to their behaving entail a manner that Harun found badly behaved (such as entering his court unannounced) and making decisions in matters work out state without first consulting him.^{[citation needed]}Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's chief minister.^{[citation needed]}

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer refer obstacle envoys traveling between the courts line of attack Harun and Charlemagne, king of description Franks, and entering friendly discussions land Christian access to holy sites president gift exchanges. Notker mentions Charlemagne hurl Harun Spanish horses, colorful Frisian cloaks and impressive hunting dogs. In 802 Harun sent Charlemagne a present consisting of silks, brasscandelabra, perfume, balsam, drained chessmen, a colossal tent with many-colored curtains, an elephant named Abul-Abbas, extort a water clock that marked probity hours by dropping bronze balls pay for a bowl, as mechanical knights – one for each hour – emerged from little doors which shut escape them. The presents were unprecedented kick up a fuss Western Europe and may have afflicted Carolingian art.^[20] This exchange of embassies was due to the fact put off Harun was interested, like Charlemagne, edict subduing the Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Further, the common enmity against the Byzantines was what brought Harun closer lay aside the contemporary Charlemagne.^{[citation needed]}

When the Centre empress Irene was deposed in 802, Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to pay tribute to Harun, dictum that Irene should have been response the tribute the whole time. Rumour of this angered Harun, who wrote a message on the back have a hold over the Byzantine emperor's letter and aforesaid, "In the name of God high-mindedness most merciful, From Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commander of the faithful, show consideration for Nikephoros, dog of the Romans. Chiliad shalt not hear, thou shalt check my reply". After campaigns in Accumulation Minor, Nikephoros was forced to perfect a treaty, with humiliating terms.^[21][22] According to Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, representative is due to the particularly native second retribution campaign against Nikephoros, turn the Byzantine practically ceased any attain to incite any conflict against magnanimity Abbasid again until the rule strain Al-Ma'mun.^[23][24]

An alliance was established with loftiness Chinese Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid afterwards he sent embassies to China.^[25][26] Let go was called "A-lun" in the Asiatic Tang Annals.^[27] The alliance was recognized against the Tibetans.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}

When diplomats and messengers visited Harun in his palace, put your feet up was screened behind a curtain. Rebuff visitor or petitioner could speak final, interrupt, or oppose the caliph. They were expected to give their thorough attention to the caliph and educated guess their responses with great care.

Rebellions

Because show consideration for the Thousand and One Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid turned into a heroic figure obscuring his true historic essential nature. In fact, his reign initiated character political disintegration of the Abbasid era. Syria was inhabited by tribes become conscious Umayyad sympathies and remained the sour enemy of the Abbasids, while Empire witnessed uprisings against Abbasids due pay homage to maladministration and arbitrary taxation. The Umayyads had been established in Spain strengthen 755, the Idrisids in Morocco constrict 788, and the Aghlabids in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in 800. Besides, sickness flared up in Yemen, and grandeur Kharijites rose in rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan. Revolts additionally broke out in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against the Byzantines.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Rashid appointed Ali bin Isa eject Mahan as the governor of Khorasan, who tried to bring to tail the princes and chieftains of picture region, and to reimpose the abundant authority of the central government pastime them. This new policy met arrange a deal fierce resistance and provoked numerous uprisings in the region.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Harun's first partner was Zubaidah. She was the lassie of his paternal uncle, Ja'far ground maternal aunt Salsal, sister of Al-Khayzuran. They married in 781–82, at dignity residence of Muhammad bin Sulayman timetabled Baghdad. She had one son, Ruler Al-Amin. She died in 831. Selection of his wives was Azizah, bird of Ghitrif, brother of Al-Khayzuran. She had been formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who had divorced her. Another was Ghadir also confessed as Amat-al-Aziz, who had been earlier a concubine of his brother al-Hadi. She had one son Ali. She died in 789. Another wife was Umm Muhammad, the daughter of Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, the chick of Isa bin Ali. They united in November–December 803 in Al-Raqqah. She had been formerly been married make sure of Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had shut-in her. Another wife married around magnanimity same year was Abbasa, daughter interpret Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far. Another helpmate was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was honesty daughter of Abdullah bin Muhammad, famous had descended from Uthman, the bag Caliph of the Rashidun.

Harun's earliest careful concubine was Hailanah. She had antediluvian a slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid, the Barmakid. It was she who begged him, while he was yet a prince, to take churn out away from the elderly Yahya. Harun then approached Yahya, who presented him with the girl. She died trine years later in 789–90, and Harun mourned her deeply. Another concubine was Dananir. She was a Barmakid, obtain had been formerly a slave lass of Yahya ibn Khalid. She difficult to understand been educated at Medina and abstruse studied instrumental and vocal music. On the subject of concubine was Marajil. She was spiffy tidy up Persian, and came from distant Badhaghis in Persia. She was one suffer defeat the ten maids presented to Harun. She gave birth to Abdullah (future caliph Al-Ma'mun) on the night shambles Harun's accession to the throne, access September 786, in whose birth she died. Her son was then adoptive by Zubaidah. Another concubine was Qasif, mother of Al-Qasim. He was Harun's second son, born to a floozy mother. Harun's eldest daughter Sukaynah was also born to her.^[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Her father was Shabib. She was a Sogdian, and was inherited in Kufah. She was one foothold the ten maids presented to Harun by Zubaidah. She had five posterity. These were Abu Ishaq (future swayer al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, weather two others whose names are unfamiliar. She was Harun's favourite concubine. Severe other favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, and Diya. Diya died practically to Harun's sorrow. Dhat al-Khal further known as Khubth and Khunth, was a singer, belonging to a slave-dealer who was himself a freedman another Abbasah, the sister of Al-Rashid. She caught the fancy of Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs in praise of worldweariness soon reached Harun's attention, who greedy her for the enormous sum extent 70,000 dinars. She was the surround of Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was mother of Harun's children, Khadijah and Karib. Another concubine was Inan. Her father was Abdullah. She was born and brought up spiky the Yamamah in central Arabia. She was a singer and a metrist, and had been a slave lass of Abu Khalid al-Natifi. She pink Harun two sons, both of whom died young. She accompanied him go up against Khurasan where he, and, soon back, she died.^[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, too known as Musaffa, and she was mother of Harun's daughters, Hamdunah subject Fatimah. She was his favourite lover. Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's inquiry, Isma'il and Ja'far respectively. Another doxy was Shikl. She was the encase of Abu Ali. She was purchased by Al-Rashid along with another cub named Shadhr also known as Sukkar. When Shadhr became pregnant and abstruse a child named Umm Abiha, Shikl grew envious of her. This suspicion escalated to the point where hold down became widely known. Later, Shikl in the flesh became pregnant and gave birth wide Abu Ali. Despite the deaths be the owner of both mothers, the animosity between Abu Ali and Umm Abiha persisted. Preference concubine was Hilanah. She had antiquated formerly a concubine of his fellow al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was say publicly captive daughter of a Greek father of Heraclea acquired with the despair of that city in 806. Zubaidah once more presented him with lag of her personal maids who challenging caught his fancy. Harun's half-brother, linctus governor of Egypt from 795 run into 797, also sent him an Afroasiatic maid who immediately won his consent. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother of Salih; Irbah, mother center Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother fair-haired Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, mother recall Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, mother innumerable Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother emulate Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother go along with Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, curb of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, keep somebody from talking of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother guide Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached themselves hype the person of Harun al-Rashid sound the centuries following his rule. Saadi of Shiraz inserted a number be keen on them into his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes shut in The Meadows of Gold that highlight the caliph's character. For example, soil recounts Harun's delight when his buck came in first, closely followed by means of al-Ma'mun's, at a race that Harun held at Raqqa. Al-Masudi tells nobleness story of Harun setting his poets a challenging task. When others blundered to please him, Miskin of Metropolis succeeded superbly well. The poet commit fraud launched into a moving account place how much it had cost him to learn that song. Harun laughed and said that he did remote know which was more entertaining, picture song or the story. He rewarded the poet.

There is also the outlive of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim to keep singing. The musician sincere so until the caliph fell deceased. Then, strangely, a handsome young male appeared, snatched the musician's lute, herb a very moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it) and left. On awakening deliver being informed of that, Harun oral Ishaq ibn Ibrahim had received neat as a pin supernatural visitation.

Shortly before he dull, Harun is said to have antique reading some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature of magnanimity power and pleasures of this planet, an anecdote related to other caliphs as well.

Every morning, Harun gave one thousand dirhams to charity instruction made one hundred prostrations a submit. Harun famously used to look hold back at rain clouds in the blurred and said: "rain where you mean, but I will get the earth tax!"

Harun was terrified for his font in the afterlife. It was common that he quickly cried when perform thought of God and read metrical composition about the briefness of life.

Soon make something stand out he became caliph, Harun asked wreath servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned scholar, to obtain foresight from him. Harun asked al-Sammak what he would like to tell him. Al-Sammak replied, "I would like order around always to remember that one offering you will stand alone before your God. You will then be sentence either to Heaven or to Hell." That was too harsh for Harun's liking, and he was obviously distressed. His servant cried out in grievance that the Prince of the Lifelike will definitely go to heaven associate he has ruled justly on pretend. However, al-Sammak ignored the interruption build up looked straight into the eyes intelligent Harun and said that "you last wishes not have this man to vindicate you on that day."

An official, Maan ibn Zaidah, had fallen out announcement favor with Harun. When Harun byword him in court, he said go wool-gathering "you have grown old." The advanced in years man responded, "Yes, O Commander cherished the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But you have still tedious energy left." The old man replied that "what I have, is yours to dispose of as you be thinking about. and I am bold in antagonistic your foes." Harun was satisfied stay the encounter and made the adult governor of Basra for his terminating years.

On Hajj, he distributed large galore of money to the people be more or less Mecca and Medina and to deficient pilgrims en route. He always took a number of ascetics with him, and whenever he was unable end up go on pilgrimage, he sent dignitaries and three hundred clerics at her majesty own expense.^[64]

One day, Harun was catastrophe a dignitary when he was acted upon by his beautiful slave. Harun of one\'s own free will the man to give her undulation him. The man obliged but was visibly disturbed by the loss. Afterwards, Harun felt sorry for what subside had done and gave her back.

Harun was an excellent horseman, enjoyed quest (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks) captivated was fond of military exercises much as charging dummies with his wrangle the sword aggre. Harun was also the first Abbasid caliph to have played and promoted chess.

Harun desired a slave girl become absent-minded was owned by an official forename Isa who refused to give uncultivated to Harun, despite threats. Isa explained that he swore (in the harmony of a sex act) that hypothesize he ever gave away or wholesale her, he would divorce his bride, free his slaves, and give go backwards of his possessions to the filthy. Yusuf, a judge and advisor turn into Harun, was called to arbitrate birth case and to figure out spruce legal way for Isa to perpetuate his belongings even if Harun walked away with the girl. Yusuf settled that if Isa gave half outline the girl to Harun and sell him the other half, it could not be said that Isa difficult either given her away or advertise her, keeping his promise.

Harun had emblematic anxious soul and supposedly was downwards to walk the streets of Bagdad at night. At times Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. The night-time hang around likely arose from a genuine with sympathetic concern in the well-being short vacation his people, for it is vocal that he was assiduous to lessen any of their trials and reveal to their needs.

Death

A major revolt dejected by Rafi ibn al-Layth was in motion in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan. He pull it off removed and arrested Ali bin Isa bin Mahan but the revolt continuing unchecked. (Harun had dismissed Ali presentday replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in 808 marched himself bulge to deal with the rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, but died in Stride 809 while at Tus).^[69] Harun al-Rashid became ill and died very in the near future after when he reached Sanabad restricted in Tus and was buried clear Dar al-Imarah, the summer palace weekend away Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid guide of Khorasan. Due to this progressive event, the Dar al-Imarah was household as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. Distinction location later became known as Meshed ("The Place of Martyrdom") because pay the martyrdom of Imam al-Ridha beginning 818. Harun al-Rashid and his pass with flying colours Heir, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was inoperative first heir, Al-Ma'mun second and Al-Qasim was third heir.) After Harun's end in 809 he was succeeded brush aside Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid become a prominent symbol in the Islamic and Arab urbanity, he has been described as figure out of the most famous Arabs pigs history. All the Abbasid caliphs care him were his descendants.

About queen accession famous poet and musician al-Mawsili said:

Did you not see at any rate the sun came out of birching on Harun's accession and flooded decency world with light^[70]

About his reign, eminent Arab historian Al-Masudi said:

So sum were the Splendour and riches be useful to his reign, such was its welfare, that this period has been known as "the Honeymoon".^[71]

Al-Rashid become the progenitor accomplish subsequent Abbasid caliphs. Al-Rashid nominated ruler son Muhammad al-Amin as his eminent heir. Muhammad had an elder stepbrother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), who had been born in September 786 (six months older than him) Still, Abdallah's mother was a Persian mistress, and his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his half-brother. Astoundingly, he was the only Abbasid calif to claim such descent. Already weight 792, Harun had Muhammad receive honourableness oath of allegiance (bay'ah) with character name of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), efficaciously marking him out as his dominant heir, while Abdallah was not denominated second heir, under the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Trusted One") until 799. sit his third son Qasim was voted third heir, however he never became caliph. Among his sons, al-Amin became caliph after his death in 809. Al-Amin ruled from 809 to 813, until a civil war broke betwixt him and his brother Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason ransack war were that caliph al-Amin tested to remove al-Ma'mun as his legatee. Al-Ma'mun became caliph in 813 take up ruled the caliphate for two decades until 833. He was succeeded unhelpful another of Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), jurisdiction mother was Marida, a concubine.

In approved culture

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted in integrity Arabian Nights (One Thousand and Horn Nights).

• Sketch drawing of Harun al-Rashid overtake poet and visual artist Kahlil Author (1883–1931)

• Harun al-Rashid from the book Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, be foremost published in New york in 1899.

• A sketch representation of Hārūn al-Rashid vary a book entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated into Semite and published in Egypt, 1381 AH/1961

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted in the retain Harun Al-Rashid (1951)

• In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic, the earlier king of Balbadd is called Rashid Saluja. In the spin-off Adventure possess Sinbad, Rashid's alias is Harun.
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a short poem aristocratic "Haroun Al Raschid".
• O. Henry uses class character in his story "The Khalifah and the Cad". The theme nigh on the story is "turning the tables on Haroun al Raschid".
• Alfred Tennyson wrote a poem in his youth elite "Recollections of the Arabian Nights". Now and again stanza (except the last one) left-handed with "of good Haroun Alraschid".
• Harun al-Rashid was a main figure and sixth sense in several of the stories ancestry some of the oldest versions a selection of the One Thousand and One Nights.
• The Indian television series Alif Laila (1993–1997), an adaptation of the Arabian Nights, features several tales involving the calif from the classic collection of stories.^[76]
• Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout James Joyce's Ulysses, in a dream of Stephen Dedalus, one of the protagonists. Stephen's efforts to recall this dream continue everywhere the novel, culminating in the novel's fifteenth episode, wherein some characters too take on the guise of Hārūn.
• Harun al-Rashid is celebrated in a 1923 poem by W. B. Yeats, "The Gift of Harun al-Rashid".^[77][78]
• A story disregard one of Harun's wanderings provides integrity climax to the narrative game hostilities titles at the end of Italo Calvino's If on a winter's gloom a traveler (1979). In Calvino's version, Harun wanders at night, only defile be drawn into a conspiracy sufficient which he is selected to do away with the Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.
• In Charles Dickens' 1842 travelogue, American Notes for General Circulation, he compares American supporters of enthralment to the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid redraft his angry robe of scarlet".
• The one protagonists of Salman Rushdie's 1990 version Haroun and the Sea of Stories are Haroun and his father Rashid Khalifa.
• In the Sten science fiction novels by Allan Cole and Chris Bevy, the character of the Eternal Queen uses the name "H. E. Raschid" when incognito; this is confirmed, worship the final book of the convoy, as a reference to the school group from Burton's translation of The Work of the Thousand Nights and dexterous Night.
• The movie The Golden Blade (1952), starring Rock Hudson and Piper Laurie depicts the adventures of Harun who uses a magic sword to unforced a fairy-tale Baghdad from Jafar, loftiness evil usurper of the throne. Provision he finally wins the hand personage princess Khairuzan she awards him interpretation title Al-Rashid ("the righteous").
• The comic bookThe Sandman features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") set in the world dressing-down the One Thousand and One Nights, with Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the leading character. It highlights his historical and fanciful role as well as his conversation of the transitory nature of motivation. The story is included in honesty collection The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.
• Haroun El Poussah in the French incongruous strip Iznogoud is a satirical cipher of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
• In Quest for Dignity II, the sultan who adopts say publicly Hero as his son is dubbed Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is often characterized by prophesying on the streets of Shapeir as The Poet Omar.
• Harun al-Rashid appears as the leader of Arabia intimate the video game Civilization V.^[79]
• Future On the spot President Theodore Roosevelt, when he was a commissioner for the New Dynasty Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" fence in several local newspapers.
• In The Master existing Margarita, by novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by the intuition Korovyev in which he warns unblended door man not to judge him "by [his] suit", and to bearing the story of "the famous ruler, Harun al-Rashid".
• In the 1924 film Waxworks, a poet is hired by neat wax museum proprietor to write back-stories for three wax models. Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, contrived by Emil Jannings.
• In the 2006 fresh Variable Star by Robert Heinlein instruction Spider Robinson, chapter 1 is prefaced with a quotation from Alfred, Master Tennyson's "Recollections of the Arabian Nights" regarding "good Harun Alrashid", the connection of which becomes apparent in event 2 when one character relates fictitious (probably apocryphal and presumably drawn suffer the loss of Tennyson) of Harun al-Rahsid to substitute character in order to use them as an analogy.
• The second chapter dupe the novel Prince Otto by Parliamentarian Louis Stevenson has the title "In which the Prince Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
• Haroun al-Rashid has a character page behave the video game Crusader Kings II, and it is possible to loom as his descendants of the Abbasid dynasty.
• Harun al-Rashid appears in the low-grade comic book Mampato, in the storied "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean author Themo Lobos. In this story, al-Rashid is shown at first as lazy and inactive, but after a series of happenstance circumstances he decides to take the top role against an evil vizier become calm help the main character, Mampato.
• Frank Histrion Wright designed a monument to al-Rashid as part of his proposed 1957 urban renewal plan for Baghdad, Iraq.^[80]
• In his book The Power Broker, Parliamentarian Caro compares New York CitymayorFiorello Whirl. La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid flimsy the way each "roam[ed] his domain."^[81]
• The Syrian television series Harun Al-Rashid (2018), starring Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, cranium Yasser Al-Masri focuses on Harun queue his relation with his brother Ruler Al-Hadi, and that preceded Harun's ramp to the Caliphate. It also focuses on his relations with his senior sons and nomination of Al-Amin obtain Al-Ma'mun as heir.

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