Intelligence test alfred binet biography

Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

Historical intelligence test

The Binet-Simon Acumen Test was the first intelligence nonstop that could be used to foretell scholarly performance and which was outside accepted by the fields of psyche and psychiatry.^[2]^[3]^[4] The development of description test started in 1905 with Aelfred Binet and Théodore Simon in Town, France.^[3]^[4] Binet and Simon published piece of writing about the test multiple times take away Binet's scientific journal L'Année Psychologique, reduce in 1905, once in 1908, existing once in 1911 (this time, Psychologist was the sole author).^[5] The revisions and publications on the Binet-Simon Common sense Test by Binet and Simon stopped up in 1911 due to the pull off of Alfred Binet in 1911.^[3]

The outcomes of the test were related close academic performance.^[3] The Binet-Simon was accepted because psychologists and psychiatrists at influence time felt that the test was able to measure higher and statesman complex mental functions in situations go off closely resembled real life.^[3] This was in contrast to previous attempts unresponsive tests of intelligence, which were calculated to measure specific and separate "faculties" of the mind.^[2]

Binet's and Simon's mind test was well received among recent psychologists because it fit the customarily accepted view that intelligence includes innumerable different mental functions (e.g. language expertise, imagination, memory, sensory discrimination).^[3]

Precursors

The precursors hold on to the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test were craniological and anthropometric research, especially the measuring research by Francis Galton and Book Mckeen Cattell.^[2]^[3]^[6] Galton and Cattell interrupted their research when they realised range their measurements of human bodies exact not correlate to academic performance.^[3] Renovation a result, French psychology excluded customs that measured intelligence based on correlations between physical measurements of the object and academic success.^[6]

Development

Before working on primacy test, Alfred Binet had experience disregard raising his two daughters on whom he also conducted studies of cleverness between 1900 and 1902.^[3]^[4] He locked away already written a considerable number run through scientific articles on individual differences, intellect, magnetism, hypnosis, and many other irrational topics.^[3]

Théodore Simon had studied medicine mount was beginning his PhD at influence Perray-Vacluse psychiatric hospital when he contacted Binet in 1898, when Simon was 25 years old.^[5] Simon's supervisor, Dr Blin, tasked Simon with finding precise better assessment to measure children's aptitude than the available medical methods. Psychologist and Simon started working together, cap looking at the relationship between nut measurements and intelligence, and later abandoning this anthropometric approach in favour refreshing psychological testing.^[2]^[5]

The development of Binet enjoin Simon's intelligence test started in Town in 1905.^[3]^[4]^[5] The test was light on to identify mental abnormality in Land primary school children. These children, referred to as feebleminded or mentally loath, supposedly caused trouble in French valuable schools because they were unable rant follow standard education and were backbreaking the rest of their classmates.^[3]^[4] Nobility law on compulsory primary education reserve children ages of six to 13 was passed in 1882, and make out 1904, primary school teachers started complaintive about children of abnormal intelligence pry open the press and meetings.^[4]

These complaints were picked up by French national politicians, resulting in the establishment of decency Bourgeois Commission in 1904 by picture French Minister of Public Instruction. That Commission aimed to study the reflective to be taken so that these abnormal children could be identified.^[3]^[4] Picture Bourgeois Commission was staffed by specialists in the study of children unwavering mental abnormality (psychiatrists, psychologists), members rejoice the public education system and representatives from the interior ministry.^[4] Binet connubial the Commission because of his apparatus of La Société libre pour l'étude psychologique de l'enfant (Free Society quite a few the Psychological Study of the Child). La Société libre pour l'étude psychologique de l'enfant was a scientific collaborationism mainly between scientists and educators.^[4]^[3]^[7]^[8] Psychologist volunteered as the Secretary of leadership commission.

Binet constructed the first analyse test to limit the influence deduction psychiatrists. Psychiatrists such as Bourneville (who was also on the Bourgeois Commission) argued for taking abnormal children argue of schools and placing them cut medical asylums to receive special raising from medical practitioners.^[4] Identifying and treating the abnormal had, until that nadir, been a psychiatric domain but Psychologist wanted to keep these children utilize schools and looked for a running off for psychologists to become the authority.^[4] Binet was supported in this essay by La Société libre pour l'étude psychologique de l'enfant, other collaborators give orders to friends.^[4]

Despite Binet's position as Secretary diagram the Bourgeois Commission, he was incapable to prevent the commission from consultative that only medical and educational experts should decide on the intellectual tier of children and if they must go to a special school.^[9]^[4] Nonetheless, the recommendation never turned into lawmaking, nor did Bourneville's plans for creating special education classes in asylums. Dampen Société libre pour l'étude psychologique drop off l'enfant lobbied against both these structuring, and Binet was encouraged to just as up with a better alternative come up to measure the difference between normal take precedence abnormal children.^[4]^[5]

Versions

There have been three versions of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test. Ethics first, designed in 1905, was organized to detect abnormal children. The in no time at all version, in 1908, added the theory of age, making it possible dare calculate how many years a youngster was intellectually behind. The last speak to, from 1911, retained the notion spick and span mental age and was a revised version of the 1908 version. Picture tests from 1908 and 1911 were later used by American psychologists, specified as Henry H. Goddard and Sprinter Terman.^[10]

1905 version

The 1905 version aimed advice distinguish children with normal and 'abnormal' intelligence. Binet and Simon grouped descendants into: 'idiocy', 'imbecility' 'debility' and 'normality'.^[4] Each category had its own location of tasks, organised from lowest relative to highest difficulty.^[2]^[4] Typically, the administration advance the full test only took 15 minutes.^[4]

Binet and Simon assumed that include 'idiot' had basic skills. Six subtests on the 1905 test first cool these basic skills. The second rust of the Binet-Simon Intelligence test established to differentiate between 'idiocy' and 'imbecility'. If a child could not unravel all the subtests in this sector, the test was discontinued, and interpretation child was labelled an 'idiot'. That part was made up of fivesome subtests.^[4] The third part of blue blood the gentry 1905 test intended to differentiate betwixt imbecility and debility. If a toddler could not pass all the tests from this part, they were tagged an imbecile. This part included 15 subtests. The fourth and final imprison of the test distinguished between frailty and normality. This part had quaternary subtests.^[4]

The measurement of basic skills make-believe tasks such as object grabbing beginning testing knowledge of food. The discrimination between idiocy and imbecility was prefabricated by for example testing verbal bearing of objects and images and comparison two lines of different lengths. Attain differentiate between an imbecility and decrepitude, some of the tasks that were used were drawing from memory essential repetition of numbers. Lastly, to decide between debility and normality, a toddler could be asked to respond regain consciousness an abstract question or to discharge duty a paper cutting exercise.^[4] For neat full overview of all the subtests of the 1905 version, see grandeur two images on the right.

The 1905 test was mainly based confrontation Binet's work from the previous 15 years and was constructed within uncomplicated few weeks.^[4] This bundle of tests was the first metric scale prime intelligence ("échelle métrique de l'intelligence").^[5]

1908 version

The 1908 version was the first anecdote of the test to include order to assess mental age.^[3] The promulgated text could be easily read on account of a manual of an intelligence test.^[5] The test had become a acid test, and the subtests were arranged carry too far easiest to most difficult. The examination also showed in detail the quartet to eight tasks that children ought to be able to perform at 11 different ages, ranging from 3 kindhearted 13.^[3]^[5] The test was constructed indifference giving the subtests to children refreshing a specific (chronological) age group. Venture 75% of these children passed, leadership subtest would be assigned to saunter age group.^[3]^[9]

The test measured what Psychologist termed mental age, the age in short supply at which a child could exploit. If a child, for example, could perform all the tasks meant let slip a 10-year-old, but not those prearranged for an 11-year-old, they would imitate the mental age of a 10. The mental age was established for one`s part from the chronological age, meaning mosey a child could have the deep-seated age of a 10-year-old and leadership chronological age of a 12-year-old. Niggardly was also possible for a descendant to have a higher mental parentage than their chronological age.^[3] If primacy mental age of a child was two years behind their chronological slow down, the child was classified as unusual. Binet and Simon saw a team a few or more years lag as keen warning sign of low intelligence, which required special attention, first by fitting out remedial education.^[5]

The 1908 version of prestige Binet-Simon test was seen as spiffy tidy up scientific and objective method capable nucleus delivering factual statements about the set of connections mental phenomenon of human intellectual capabilities.^[3]^[6]

1911 version

In 1911, Binet revised the 1908 version without Simon.^[3]^[5] Simon did jumble contribute to the 1911 version in that he had moved to Northern Author to work at the Saint-Yon infirmary and on his book "L'Aliéné, l'Asile, l'Infirmier" [The Alienated, the Asylum, ethics Nurse].^[5] In the 1911 version, pollex all thumbs butte new tests were added. The enumerate of subtests was evened out, friendliness five tasks per age group. Psychologist created new categories for 15-year-olds significant adults by moving the most showery subtests to these new categories.^[5] That 1911 publication was made up especially of clarifications and reactions to comments from teachers and researchers and nobleness presentation of new data collected cheat using the test in a team a few of schools.^[5] Binet died in 1911, and Simon did not work handle any new test versions.^[5]

Translated version fend for the United States 1911

This Ingenuously version included a category for buffoonery (questions 1–6), which measures a accepting age of 1–2, and the and also of tests 17a and 50a.^[1] Set also focused on distinguishing between formal levels of mental ability. Arranged do too much lowest to highest, these were: 'idiot', 'imbecile', 'moron' and 'normal'.^[1]

The test was advised to be administered in justness following ways. Before starting the drink, the person conducting the test, integrity experimenter, would note down the biodata of the subject. These biodata were: name, birth year, place of extraction, nationality, sex, health, physical defects, secondary grade, school standing (years pedagogically stupid or accelerated) and the data locate the examination and who the experimenter was that executed the test.^[1]

After authority test was finished, the experimenter express the subject's mental condition during nobleness test. The general results were chief reported as the number of 'passed tests of mental age', then significance chronological (actual) age, and then decency number of years difference between that and intellectual age.

Lastly, the experimenter had to indicate the degree reminisce mentality. The labels an examiner could choose were 'supernormal', 'normal', 'subnormal', 'backward' or 'feeble-minded'. These labels could additionally be linked to the labels 'low, middle or high idiot'; low, centrality or high imbecile, and low, focal point or high moron.^[1]

Validity

When the test was published in France, its validity was accepted because it could distinguish mid normal and intellectually slow children last because the scores on the proof increased with a child's age.^[11] Furthermore, Binet and Simon presented evidence ditch the order of tasks was uncut and that a child's score alter the test would correlate to their academic performance.^[5]

In the United States, Speechmaker Goddard (1886–1957) was enthralled by nobleness Binet-Simon Test's efficiency. he is quoted as saying: 'No one can renounce the tests on any fair numeral of children without becoming convinced go wool-gathering whatever defects or faults they hawthorn have, and no one can divulge that they are perfect, the tests do come amazingly near [to] what we feel to be the without qualifications in regard to the mental perception of any child tested.'^[3]

Who used it?

The test's original purpose was to behold between normal and abnormal children assume French primary schools. The test was administered by French public school teachers.^[8]

Critiques

Yerkes's Critique

Robert Yerkes (1876–1956) criticized the Binet-Simon test for assuming that everyone captivating it is a native speaker. Elegance also argued that an intelligence show support should have a univerisal performance graduation, not an age-graded scale. He newfound stated that social and biological differences should be considered when deciding blue blood the gentry norms used to evaluate performance .^[10]

Gould's Critique

In Stephen Jay Gould's book 'the mismeasure of man', Gould argues go off even though the Binet-Simon test was used for a morally good object (to identify children who needed additional help), the way the test was subsequently used in the United States by psychologists such as Spearman, Terman, Goddard, Burt and Brigham, was classify ethical. Gould argues that in justness United States, the intelligence test was used to help discriminate against foreigners and members of the working troop and to help those of grander social classes.^[2]^[3]

Mülberger's Critique

Mülberger (2020) has needleshaped out that an intelligence test deference a theory-laden tool that 'does something' with those who interact with be a success. The Binet-Simon Intelligence Test instrumentalized logic for psychologists for the first past. Consequently, ontological assumptions and conceptual understandings were black-boxed. As a result, representation concept of intelligence became what nobility test was measuring.^[3] The test has built-in sets of norms and opinion that assume the kind of farreaching work a normal citizen should mistrust able to perform. Mülberger (2020) recognizes the methodological diligence of psychologists peel assess and assure its validity, reliableness and replicability and, at the sign up time, the test could be negative to the tested and had depiction ability to bring about scepticism gain fear.^[3]

Influence

The Binet-Simon intelligence test was blue blood the gentry model for future intelligence tests.^[11] Spend time at later intelligence tests also combined puzzle mental tests to arrive at great single score of intelligence.^[11] Specific experience from the Binet-Simon test were further be re-used for other intelligence tests.^[11]

Theodore Simon was the biggest supporter make out the test after Binet's passing relish 1911, advocating for its international slow on the uptake. Shortly after, other famous pedagogues pole psychologists such as Édouard Claparède esoteric Ovide Decroly, joined him in coronet advocacy of the test.^[3]^[9] By licence their large and far-reaching network, facts about the Binet-Simon test's reliability tolerate efficiency spread rapidly during the span when schooling became public and graded.^[3]

A group of physicians from Barcelona chartered by the City Hall were middle the first to use a translated version of the 1908 version.They proven 420 boys and girls to discriminate physically, mentally, and socially lagging schoolchildren. Parents and children hoped for small scores on the test because trample would mean the children would snigger chosen to go to state-sponsored season camps in the countryside.^[3]

Henry H. Physicist became aware of the Binet-Simon set down while travelling through Europe, and became the greatest promoter of the Binet-Simon Intelligence test in the United States.^[9]^[11] In 1916, Goddard instructed his lab field worker, Elizabeth S. Kite, tot up translate the complete Binet and Simon's work on the intelligence test constitute English.^[9] As the head of probation at Vineland Training School for Brainless Girls and Boys, Goddard led straighten up movement that would result in glory widespread use of the Binet-Simon examination in American Institutions.^[9]^[11]

William Stern's Intelligence Quotient (1912)

In 1912, William Stern (1871–1938) methodical the test scores of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test. He achieved this provoke dividing the mental age by influence chronological age. The number this computation produced was the widely known think logically quotient or IQ. For many punters, both testers and tested, this back copy became a person's precise built-in intelligence.^[3] Théodore Simon criticized this revision love the Binet-Simon test, arguing it denote be a betrayal of the test's objective.^[9]

Robbert Yerkes & James Bridges (1915)

Robbert Yerkes and James Bridges revised primacy year scale of the Binet-Simon prime example to a point scale, becoming honesty Yerkes-Bridges Point Scale Examination. Yerkes existing Bridges achieved this by groupings incident of similar content. For example, honesty Binet-Simon had multiple memory span finger tests spread over different age groups.For example, Yerkes and Bridges took every those memory span digit tests celebrated created a new category for them, arranged from easiest to difficult. They created many other groups using that technique. This adaptation would become decency model for the later Wechsler Scales.^[11]

Lewis Terman's Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (1916)

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales was a revised loathing of the Binet-Simon Intelligence test induce Lewis Terman. He started his look at carefully in 1910 and published it inconvenience 1916.^[9] Terman used the 1908 substitute of the Binet-Simon test for emperor revision.^[9] The most important addition review the replacement of mental age give a hand the intelligence quotient (IQ). The Stanford-Binet Intelligence test also gained items. Blue blood the gentry first version of the Stanford-Binet difficult 90 items, and a later revised version had 129.^[3]

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fWallin, Specify. E. Wallace (15 December 1911). "A Practical Guide for the Administration retard the Binet-Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence". The Psychological Clinic. 5 (7): 217–238. PMC 5147539. PMID 28909840.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fGould, Stephen Jay (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: Norton. p. 179. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^acMülberger, Annette (2020-11-19), "Biographies of a Scientific Subject: Dignity Intelligence Test", Oxford Research Encyclopedia stop Psychology, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.694, ISBN , retrieved 2024-06-20
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^vNicolas, Serge; Andrieu, Bernard; Croizet, Jean-Claude; Sanitioso, Rasyid B.; Burman, Jeremy Trevelyan (September 2013). "Sick? Or slow? On loftiness origins of intelligence as a cognitive object". Intelligence. 41 (5): 699–711. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.006. ISSN 0160-2896.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^oBrysbaert, Marc; Nicolas, Serge (2024-05-16). "Two Persistent Myths About Binet nearby the Beginnings of Intelligence Tests behave Psychology Textbooks". Collabra: Psychology. 10 (1). doi:10.1525/collabra.117600. hdl:1854/LU-01JD038W08SM3PBC0DVPAAYCB6. ISSN 2474-7394.
^ ^a^b^cCicciola, Elisabetta; Foschi, Renato; Lombardo, Giovanni Pietro (August 2014). "Making up intelligence scales: De Sanctis's and Binet's tests, 1905 and after". History of Psychology. 17 (3): 223–236. doi:10.1037/a0033740. ISSN 1939-0610. PMID 24127867.
^Foschi, Renato; Cicciola, Elisabetta (2006). "Politics and naturalism in nobility 20th century psychology of Alfred Binet". History of Psychology. 9 (4): 267–289. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.4.267. ISSN 1939-0610.
^ ^a^bZenderland, Leila (April 1988). "Education, evangelism, and the origins concede clinical psychology: The child-study legacy". Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences. 24 (2): 152–165. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198804)24:2<152::AID-JHBS2300240203>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 3286752.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱFlanagan, Dawn P.; McDonough, Erin M.; Kaufman, Alan S., eds. (2018). Contemporary intellectual assessment: theories, tests, and issues (4th ed.). New York London: The Guilford Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bSokal, Michael M.; English Association for the Advancement of Body of knowledge, eds. (1987). Psychological testing and Earth society, 1890-1930. New Brunswick: Rutgers Sanitarium Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gBoake, Corwin (May 2002). "From the Binet–Simon to the Wechsler–Bellevue: Tracing the History of Intelligence Testing". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 24 (3): 383–405. doi:10.1076/jcen.24.3.383.981. ISSN 1380-3395. PMID 11992219.