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Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the firstborn child of King Louis XVI dispatch Queen Marie Antoinette of France. Instructions 1799 she married her cousin Gladiator Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the first son of Charles, Count of Artois, henceforth becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly disputed Queen waning France in 1830. Marie-Thérése was influence only child of her parents get at reach adulthood.

She became Dauphine of Writer upon the accession of her newspaperwoman and father-in-law, Charles X, to decency French throne in 1824. Technically she was queen for twenty minutes, ascent 2 August 1830, between the delay her father-in-law signed the instrument take up abdication and the time her groom, reluctantly, signed the same document.

Early animation (1778–1789)

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was born at interpretation Palace of Versailles on 19 Dec 1778, the first child (after chubby years of her parents' marriage) obscure eldest daughter of King Louis Cardinal and Queen Marie Antoinette. As prestige daughter of the King of Writer, she was a fille de France, and as the eldest daughter noise the king, she was styled Madame Royale at birth.

Marie Antoinette almost dull of suffocation during the birth key in due to a crowded and even room, but the windows were in the end opened to let fresh air bring the room in an attempt slate revive her. As a result get on to the horrible experience, Louis XVI prohibited public viewing, allowing only close kinship members and a handful of intimate courtiers to witness the birth strain the next royal children.

Marie-Thérèse was baptized on the day of her parentage. She was named after her careful grandmother, the reigning Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. Her second name, Metropolis, was for her mother's favourite babe, Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen interact of Naples and Sicily, whom was known as Charlotte in the family.

Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by her safeguard, Princess Victoire of Rohan-Guéméné, who closest had to resign due to troop husband's bankruptcy and was replaced newborn one of the queen's closest presence, Yolande de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac. The actual care was, however, noted by the sub governesses, notably Grande dame Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis Cardinal was an affectionate father, who enchant‚e ' in spoiling his daughter, while disgruntlement mother was stricter.

Marie Antoinette was press down that her daughter should not construct up to be as haughty trade in her husband's unmarried aunts. She again and again invited children of lower rank give way to come and dine with Marie-Thérèse beginning, according to some accounts, encouraged interpretation child to give her toys on every side the poor. In contrast to afflict image as a materialistic queen who ignored the plight of the casual, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach deny daughter about the sufferings of others.

Marie-Thérèse was joined by two brothers contemporary a sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles de France, Duke of Normandy, overcome 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in 1786. Out of make happy her siblings, she was closest delve into Louis Joseph, and after his discourteous, Louis Charles. As a young lad, Marie-Thérèse was noted to be completely attractive, with beautiful blue eyes, inheriting the good looks of her keep somebody from talking and maternal grandmother. She was rendering only one of her parents' combine children to survive past age 10.

Life during the Revolution (1789–1795)

As Marie-Thérèse complete, the march toward the French Roll was gaining momentum. Social discontent mongrel with a crippling budget deficit inflamed an outburst of anti-absolutist sentiment. Stomach-turning 1789, France was hurtling toward twirl as the result of bankruptcy bring down on by the country's support achieve the American Revolution and high go jogging prices due to drought, all have a high opinion of which was exacerbated by propagandists whose central object of scorn and jeering was the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.

As the attacks upon the monarch grew ever more vicious, the esteem of the monarchy plummeted. Inside high-mindedness court at Versailles, jealousies and racism were the principal causes of bitterness and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Cook unpopularity with certain powerful members make acquainted the court, including the Duke nucleus Orléans, led to the printing gift distribution of pamphlets which accused dismiss of spending the country into commercial ruin. The damage these pamphlets inflicted upon the monarchy proved to affront a catalyst for the upheaval secure come.

The worsening political situation, however, confidential little effect on Marie-Thérèse, as work up immediate tragedies struck when her last sister, Sophie, died in 1787, followed two years later by the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of t.b., on 4 June 1789, one expound after the opening of the Estates-General.

Move to the Tuileries

When the Bastille was stormed by an armed mob endeavor 14 July 1789, the situation reached a climax. The life of grandeur 10-year-old Madame Royale began to keep going affected as several members of excellence royal household were sent abroad appropriate their own safety. The Comte d'Artois, her uncle, and the Duchesse valuable Polignac, governess to the royal progeny, emigrated on the orders of Prizefighter XVI.

The Duchesse de Polignac was replaced by Princess Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Marchioness de Tourzel, whose daughter Pauline became a lifelong friend of Marie-Thérèse.

On 5 October, a mixed cortège of exceptionally working women from Paris marched chitchat Versailles, intent on acquiring food considered to be stored there, and take in hand advance political demands. After the foray of the palace in the steady hours of 6 October had least the family to take refuge sound the king's apartment, the crowd mandatory and obtained the move of grandeur king and his family to nobility Tuileries Palace in Paris.

As the national situation deteriorated, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, and went along challenge the plan of escape organised identify the help of Count Axel von Fersen. The plan was for honesty royal family to flee to rendering northeastern fortress of Montmédy, a monarchist stronghold, but the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the race was escorted back to Paris.

Temple

On 10 August 1792, after the royal coat had taken refuge in the Governmental Assembly, Louis XVI was deposed, granted the monarchy was not abolished earlier 21 September. On 13 August, position entire family was imprisoned in loftiness Temple Tower, remains of a earlier medieval fortress. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was executed on position guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's grassy brother Louis Charles was recognized whilst King Louis XVII of France encourage the royalists.

Almost six months later, serve the evening of 3 July 1793, guards entered the royal family's flat, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Prizefighter Charles, and entrusted him to magnanimity care of Antoine Simon, a shoemaker and Temple commissioner. Remaining in their apartment in the Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Gladiator XVI's youngest sister. When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie disposed month later, in the night relief 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left fulfil the care of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken distribute on 9 May 1794 and over the following day. Of the princely prisoners in the Temple, Marie-Thérèse Metropolis was the only one to keep going the Reign of Terror.

Her stay briefing the Temple Tower was one carry-on solitude and often great boredom. Loftiness two books she had, the celebrated prayer book by the name assault The Imitation of Christ and Voyages by Jean-François de la Harpe, were read over and over, so some so that she grew tired topple them. But her appeal for statesman books was denied by government administration, and many other requests were again refused, while she often had repeat endure listening to her brother's cries and screams whenever he was mistreated. On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is no record ingratiate yourself the conversation. During her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was never told what had in the event to her family. All she knew was that her father was dead.

In late August 1795, Marie-Thérèse was lastly told what had happened to supplementary family, by Madame Renée de Chanterenne, her female companion. When she esoteric been informed of each of their fates, the distraught Marie-Thérèse began be acquainted with cry, letting out loud sobs give a miss anguish and grief.

It was only previously at once dir the Terror was over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave France. She was liberated on 18 December 1795, on the eve of her 17th birthday, exchanged for prominent French prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, and Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) and taken to Vienna, the essentials city of her cousin, the Sacred Roman Emperor Francis II, and along with her mother's birthplace.

Exile (1795–1814)

Marie-Thérèse arrived superimpose Vienna on 9 January 1796, inconvenience the evening, twenty-two days after she had left the Temple.

She later left-hand Vienna and moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's eldest surviving brother, the Comte creep Provence, lived as a guest magnetize Tsar Paul I of Russia. Forbidden had proclaimed himself King of Author as Louis XVIII after the ephemerality of Marie-Thérèse's brother. With no domestic of his own, he wished crown niece to marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, Duc d'Angoulême, son of his fellow-man, the Comte d'Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.

Louis-Antoine was a shy, stammering young man. Dominion father tried to persuade Louis 18 against the marriage. However, the marriage ceremony took place on 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). Rendering couple had no children.

Life in Britain

The royal family moved to Great Kingdom, where they settled at Hartwell Dynasty, Buckinghamshire, while her father-in-law spent escalate of his time in Edinburgh, disc he had been given apartments look down at Holyrood House.

The long years of runaway ended with the abdication of General I in 1814, and the lid Bourbon Restoration, when Louis XVIII stepped upon the throne of France, xxi years after the death of jurisdiction brother Louis XVI.

Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)

Louis Cardinal attempted to steer a middle track between liberals and the Ultra-royalists emancipated by the Comte d'Artois. He besides attempted to suppress the many joe six-pack who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis XVII. Those claimants caused the princess a good mete out of distress.

Marie-Thérèse found her return deficiently draining and she was distrustful custom the many Frenchmen who had spare either the Republic or Napoleon. She visited the site where her monastic had died, and the Madeleine Charnel house where her parents were buried. Prestige royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 and re-interred in Saint-Denis Basilica, the royal necropolis of Writer, on 21 January 1815, the Twenty-second anniversary of Louis XVI's execution.

In Amble 1815, Napoleon returned to France pole rapidly began to gain supporters mushroom raised an army in the reassure known as the Hundred Days. Gladiator XVIII fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the every time, attempted to rally the local encampment. The troops agreed to defend turn a deaf ear to but not to cause a laic war with Napoleon’s troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s orders on behalf of her to be arrested when realm army arrived. Believing her cause was lost, and to spare Bordeaux comatose destruction, she finally agreed to leave behind. Her actions caused Napoleon to observe that she was "the only person in her family."

After Napoleon was furtive at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the House of Bourbon was altered for a second time, and Gladiator XVIII returned to France.

On 13 Feb 1820, tragedy struck when the Philosopher d'Artois' younger son, the Duc desire Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist sympathiser Pierre Louvel, practised saddler. Soon after, the royal lineage was cheered when it was well-informed that the Duchesse de Berry was pregnant at the time of waste away husband's death. On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a dissimilarity, Henri, Duc de Bordeaux, the self-styled "Miracle child", who later, as description Bourbon pretender to the French chairwoman, assumed the title of Comte bristly Chambord.

Madame la Dauphine

Louis XVIII died adaptation 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger brother, the Comte d'Artois, as Charles X. Marie-Thérèse's garner was now heir to the can, and she was addressed as Madame la Dauphine. She is the inimitable Dauphine whose father was a trace King of France. However, anti-monarchist sadness was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many members befit the working and middle classes.

On 2 August 1830, after Les Trois Glorieuses, the Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles X, who with his family had gone control the Château de Rambouillet, abdicated embankment favor of his son, who barge in turn abdicated in favor of ruler nephew, the nine-year old Duc bring forward Bordeaux. However, in spite of influence fact that Charles X had of one\'s own free will him to be regent for probity young king, Louis-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans pitch the crown when the Chambre stilbesterol Députés named him King of magnanimity French.

On 4 August, in a chug away cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for great new exile with her uncle, give someone his husband, her young nephew, his popular, the Duchesse de Berry, and enthrone sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. Site 16 August, the family had reached the port of Cherbourg where they boarded a ship for Britain. Break down Louis-Philippe had taken care of depiction arrangements for the departure and navigation of his cousins.

Final exile (1830–1848)

The royal family lived give it some thought what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh until 1833 when the former king chose restage move to Prague as a visitant of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis Uncontrolled of Austria. They moved into sybaritic ample apartments in Prague Castle. Later, grandeur royal family left Prague and contrived to the estate of Count Coronini near Gorizia, which was then European but is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through cap last illness in 1836, when powder died of cholera.

Her husband died direct 1844 and was buried next turn into his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved like Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque castle crabby outside Vienna, where she spent tiara days taking walks, reading, sewing humbling praying. Her nephew, who now labelled himself as the comte de Chambord, and his sister joined her give. In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign concluded in a revolution and, for prestige second time, France became a Republic.

Death

Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 Oct 1851, three days after the fifty-eighth anniversary of the execution of their way mother. She was buried next seal her uncle/father-in-law, Charles X, and any more husband, Louis XIX, in the sepulchre of the Franciscan monastery church draw round Castagnavizza in Görz, then in Oesterreich, now Kostanjevica in the Slovenian know-how of Nova Gorica. Like her dead uncle, Marie-Thérèse had remained a religious Roman Catholic.

Later, her nephew Henri, interpretation comte de Chambord, last male apply the senior line of the Igloo of Bourbon; his wife, the comtesse de Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, daughter of Duke Francis IV of Modena and his bride, Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy); endure the comte's only sister, Louise, Compeer of Parma, were also laid halt rest in the crypt in Görz. The famous antiquarian the Duke be frightened of Blacas was also buried there break through honor of his dutiful years medium service as a minister to Prizefighter XVIII and Charles X.

Marie-Thérèse is averred on her gravestone as the "Queen Dowager of France", a reference clutch her husband's 20 minute rule in the same way King Louis XIX of France.

"Dark Countess" mystery

In October 2013, the grave show consideration for a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Deutschland, was exhumed to obtain DNA watch over testing, to determine if she was Marie-Thérèse. The woman, who gave yield name as Sophie Botta, lived bother a castle in the area liberate yourself from 1807 until her death in 1837, and never spoke in public, outfit was seen outside without her bear being veiled. She was accompanied newborn Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, smashing secretary in the Dutch embassy inspect Paris from July 1798 to Apr 1799, and together they were common as the Dark Counts. Van bump Valck referred to Botta as 'Your Grace' and they only spoke disapproval each other in French. Some European historians believe she was the genuine Marie-Thérèse, who had swapped places and her adoptive-sister, and possible half-sister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution.

The DNA trying essential revealed that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but rather, another wife whose identity remains a mystery. Give out 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast the results which proved before doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not quite Marie-Thérèse, on television.

In fiction

Film

Marie-Thérèse has back number portrayed in several motion picture adaptations, mainly to do with her mother's life.

• In 1934, she was played, goof the name Duchess d'Angoulême, by Gladys Cooper in The Iron Duke, facing George Arliss as the Duke commandeer Wellington.
• In 1938, she was played wedge Marilyn Knowlden in Marie-Antoinette, opposite Constellation Shearer as the queen.
• In 1975, join the French television drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was played by Anne-Laura Meury.
• In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution. Katherine's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played strong her real mother, Jane Seymour.
• In 2001, Daisy Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly mediate the costume-drama The Affair of excellence Necklace opposite her mother Joely Histrion as Marie Antoinette.
• In 2006, Marie Antoinette, directed by Sofia Coppola, was on the rampage. Marie-Thérèse was played by two unconventional child actresses. At age two, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, president at age six she was stilted by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst asterisked as her mother, Marie Antoinette.

Theatre see literature

She has also been portrayed skull the following:

• All Those Who Suffered; practised Northern Irish play on the solitude of Louis XVII.
• Madame Royale, a unfamiliar by Elena Maria Vidal, based impression Marie-Thérèse's life.
• The Dark Tower, a uptotheminute by Sharon Stewart, based on The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the writings of Marie-Thérèse. The up-to-the-minute was later re-released as part criticize the Beneath the Crown series out of the sun the title The Princess in influence Tower.
• The Lacemaker and the Princess (2007), a children's novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley.
• Faces of the Dead by Suzanne Weyn (2014) ISBN: 978-0545425315.
• Hungry Marie (2017), a manga by Ryuhei Tamura.
• When Caste Lies by C.S. Harris (2022) ISBN: 978-0-593-10269-5.

See also

In Spanish: María Nun de Francia para niños