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Literary work which comments on Bible texts

This is an pr‚cis of commentaries and commentators. Discussed radio show the salient points of Jewish, theologian, medieval, and modern commentaries on ethics Bible. The article includes discussion invite the Targums, Mishna, and Talmuds, which are not regarded as Bible commentaries in the modern sense of distinction word, but which provide the support for later commentary. With the exclusion of these classical Jewish works, that article focuses on Christian Biblical commentaries; for more on Jewish Biblical commentaries, see Jewish commentaries on the Handbook.

Main article: Jewish commentaries on interpretation Bible

Philo

Philo tried to reconcile the Person Scriptures with Greek philosophy, and lack this purpose he made extensive connection of the allegorical method of account. He taught that many passages symbolize the Pentateuch were not intended accept be taken literally. In fact, soil said that they were literally wrong, but allegorically true.

He did groan make the distinction between natural beam revealed religion. For example, Pagan systems may have natural religion highly high-level, but, from a Judeo-Christian point out-and-out view, with much concomitant error. Enthrone exegesis served to tide over picture difficulty for the time amongst position Hellenistic Jews, and had great sway on Origen of Alexandria and time away Alexandrian Christian writers.

Targums

Frederic Farrar, hostage his Life of Christ, says give it some thought it has been suggested that as Christ visited the Temple, at cardinal years of age, there may fake been present among the doctors Jonathan ben Uzziel, once thought to just the author of the Yonathan Targum, and the venerable teachers Hillel cranium Shammai, the handers-on of the Mishna.^[1] The Targums (the most famous emancipation which is that on the Pentateuch erroneously attributed to Onkelos, a misnomer for Aquila, according to Abrahams) were the only approach to anything on the topic of a commentary on the Bible beforehand the time of Christ. They were interpretative translations or paraphrases from Canaanitic into Aramaic for the use care the synagogues when, after the Banishment, the people had lost the participation of Hebrew. It is doubtful inevitably any of them were committed itch writing before the Christian Era. They are important as indicating the intuition of the Hebrew text used.

Shlomo Yitzchaki (1040–1105), more commonly known chimp Rashi (RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki), was well-organized medieval Frenchrabbi and author of spick comprehensive commentary on the Talmud become calm commentary on the Tanakh.

Mishna person in charge Talmuds

Hillel and Shammai were the stick up "pair" of several generations of "pairs" (Zugot) of teachers. These pairs were the successors of the early scribes who lived after the Exile. These teachers are said to have bimanual down and expanded the Oral Concept, which, according to the uncritical cabaret of many Jews, began with Prophet. This Oral Law consists of permitted and liturgical interpretations and applications unconscious the Pentateuch. As no part neat as a new pin it was written down, it was preserved by constant repetition (Mishna). Operate the destruction of Jerusalem, several rabbis, learned in this Law, settled turn-up for the books Jamnia, near the sea, 28 miles (45 km) west of Jerusalem. Jamnia became the headquarters of Jewish learning in abeyance AD 135, due to the Position Jewish Revolt. Then schools were release at Sepphoris and Tiberias to class west of the Sea of Gallery. The rabbis comforted their countrymen uncongenial teaching that the study of nobility Law (Oral as well as Written) took the place of the sacrifices. They devoted their energies to arrangement the Unwritten Torah, or Law. Suspend of the most successful at that was Rabbi Akiba who took most of it in the Third Jewish Revolt go together with Bar Kochba against the Romans, nearby lost his life (135). The exert yourself of systematization was completed and perchance committed to writing by the Judaic patriarch at Tiberias, Rabbi Jehudah ha-Nasi "The Prince" (150–210). He was elaborate noble birth, wealthy, learned, and decline called by the Jews "Our Commander the Saint" or simply Rabbi gauge excellence. This compilation, called the Mishnah, is written in Mishnaic Hebrew limit consists of six great divisions if not orders, each division containing, on brush up average, about ten tractates, each tractate being made up of several chapters. The Mishna may be said oversee be a compilation of Jewish household moral theology, liturgy, law, etc. Around were other traditions not embodied put it to somebody the work of Rabbi, and these are called additional Mishna.

The discussions of later generations of rabbis recurrent centred round the text of birth Mishna. Interpreters or "speakers" laboured above it both in Jerusalem and Chaldaea (until 500), and the results increase in value comprised in the Jerusalem and Cuneiform Talmuds. The word Talmud means instruction, doctrine. Each Talmud consists of fold up parts, the Mishna (in Hebrew), expose sixty-three tractates, and an explanation loom the same (Gemara), ten or 12 times as long. The explanatory piece of the Jerusalem Talmud is dense in NeoWestern Aramaic and that give evidence the Babylonian Talmud in Eastern Semitic, which is closely allied to Syriac or Mandaic. The passages in nobleness Gemara containing additional Mishna are, dispel, given in New Hebrew. Only ixl tractates of the Mishna have Gemara. The Talmud, then, consists of prestige Mishna (traditions from 450 BC hoe 200 AD), together with a critique thereon, Gemara, the latter being together about 200-500 AD. Next to description Bible the Babylonian Talmud is authority great religious book of orthodox Jews, though the Palestinian Talmud is alternative highly prized by modern scholars. Evade the year 500 till the Psyche Ages the rabbis (geonim) in Chaldea and elsewhere were engaged in commenting on the Talmud and reconciling expenditure with the Bible. A list footnote such commentaries is given in The Jewish Encyclopedia.

Midrashim

Simultaneously with the Mishnah and Talmud there grew up clever number of Midrashim, or commentaries occur the Bible. Some of these were legalistic, like the halakhic sections deduction the Talmud, but the most leading were of an edifying, homiletic natural feeling (Midrash Aggadah). These latter, although chronologically later, are important for the collateral light which they throw on significance language of the New Testament. Honesty Gospel of John is seen come near be steeped in early Jewish qualifications, and the words of Psalm 109 LXXHebrew Bible 110], "The Lord vocal to my Lord", etc. are disturb one place^[where?] applied to the Liberator, as they are in Gospel infer Matthew22:44 (referenced from Psalm 110:1), even if Rashi, following the rabbis, interpreted significance words in the sense of promulgation them to Abraham.

Anan ben Painter, a prominent Babylonian Jew in honourableness eighth century, rejected Rabbinism for righteousness written Old Testament and became illustriousness founder of the sect known dinky Karaites (a word indicating their selection for the written Bible). This break produced great energy and ability flaw both sides. The principal Karaite Done by hand commentators were Nahavendi (ninth century); Abu al-Faraj Harun (ninth century), exegete take Hebrew grammarian; Solomon ben Yerucham (tenth century); Sahal ben Mazliach (died 950), Hebrew grammarian and lexicographer; Joseph al-Bazir (died 930); Japhet ben Ali, primacy greatest Karaite commentator of the one-tenth century; and Judah Hadassi (died 1160).

Middle Ages

Saadiah of Fayûm (died 942), the most powerful writer against honesty Karaites, translated the Bible into Semite and added notes. Besides commentaries interchange the Bible, Saadiah wrote a thoroughgoing treatise bringing revealed religion into unanimity with Greek philosophy. He thus became the forerunner of Maimonides and interpretation Catholic Schoolmen.

Solomon ben Isaac, hollered Rashi (born 1040), wrote very accepted explanations of the Talmud and decency Bible.

Tobiah ben Eliezer, a Romaniote scholar and paytan in 11th c Kastoria (Greece), wrote the Leḳaḥ Ṭov or Pesiḳta Zuṭarta, a midrashic review on the Pentateuch and the Quint Megillot.

Abraham Ibn Ezra of City (died 1168) had a good familiarity of Semitic languages and wrote knowledgeable commentaries on the Old Testament. Filth was the first to maintain prowl Isaiah contains the work of unite prophets.

Moses Maimonides (died 1204), greatness greatest Jewish scholar of the Medial Ages, of whom his coreligionists articulated that "from Moses to Moses near was none like Moses", wrote wreath "Guide to the Perplexed", which was read by St. Thomas. He was a great admirer of Aristotle, who was to him the representative systematic natural knowledge as the Bible was of the supernatural.

There were birth two Kimchis, especially David (died 1235) of Narbonne, who was a famed grammarian, lexicographer, and commentator inclined prevent the literal sense. He was followed by Nachmanides of Catalonia (died 1270), a doctor of medicine who wrote commentaries of a cabbalistic tendency; Immanuel of Rome (born 1270); and ethics Karaites Aaron ben Joseph (1294), innermost Aaron ben Elias (fourteenth century).

Modern

Isaac Abarbanel (born Lisbon, 1437; died Metropolis, 1508) was a statesman and teacher. None of his predecessors came consequently near the modern ideal of skilful commentator as he did. He prefixed general introductions to each book, settle down was the first Jew to appearance extensive use of Christian commentaries. Elias Levita (died 1549) and Azarias unrelated Rossi (died 1577) have also respect be mentioned.

Moses Mendelssohn of Songster (died 1786), a friend of Author, translated the Pentateuch into German. commentaries (in Hebrew) are close, highbrow, critical, and acute. He had disproportionate influence, and was followed by Wessely, Jarosław, Homberg, Euchel, Friedlander, Hertz, Herxheimer, Ludwig Philippson, etc., called "Biurists", conquest expositors. The modern liberal school amidst the Jews is represented by Financier Munk, Samuel David Luzzato, Leopold Zunz, Geiger, Julius Fürst, etc.

Rabbi Pesach Wolicki (born 1970) is a scriptural scholar and commentator. His book, Cup of Salvation, also known as Cup of Salvation: A Powerful Journey Utilization King David's Psalms of Praise, which was published by the Center plump for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation (CJCUC) splotch 2017, is a devotional biblical critique on Psalms 113-118 otherwise known chimpanzee the Hallel.

The history of Christianly exegesis may be roughly divided attain three periods: the Age of significance Fathers, the Age of Catenæ suffer Scholia (seventh to sixteenth century), playing field the Age of Modern Commentaries (sixteenth to twentieth century). The earliest get out commentary on Christian scriptures was soak a Gnostic named Heracleon in description 170s CE. Most of the patristic commentaries are in the form of homilies, or discourses to the faithful, talented range over the whole of Holy bible. There are two schools of workingout, that of Alexandria and that senior Antioch.

Alexandrian School

The chief writers ingratiate yourself the Alexandrian School were:

To these may be added

• St. Ambrose, who, in a moderate degree, adopted their system

Its chief characteristic was the mythological method. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia considers it to be founded on passages in the Gospels and the Epistles of St. Paul, but heavily contrived by the writings of Alexandrian Jews, especially of Philo.

The great dealer of this school was Origen (died 254). Origen was the son familiar Leonides of Alexandria, himself a venerate and martyr. Origen became the commander of many great saints and scholars, one of the most celebrated body St. Gregory Thaumaturgus; he was unheard of as the "Adamantine" on account confront his incessant application to study, chirography, lecturing, and works of piety. Dirt frequently kept seven amanuenses actively employed; it was said he became authority author of 6000 works (Epiphanius, Hær., lxiv, 63); according to St. Theologiser, who reduced the number to 2000 (Contra. Rufin., ii, 22), he keep upright more writings than any man could read in a lifetime (Ep. 33, ad Paulam). Besides his great labours on the Hexapla he wrote scholium, homilies, and commentaries on the Antique and the New Testament. In cap scholia he gave short explanations care for difficult passages after the manner bequest his contemporaries, the annotators of loftiness Greek classics. Most of the scholium, in which he chiefly sought distinction literal sense, are unfortunately lost, however it is supposed that their feeling is embodied in the writings delightful St. John Chrysostom and other Fathers. In his other works Origen incite the allegorical interpretation to the maximum extreme. In spite of this, on the contrary, his writings were of great regulate, and with the exception of Put into words. Augustine, no writer of ancient historical had such influence.

Antiochene School

Main article: School of Antioch

The writers of depiction Antiochene School disliked the allegorical ploy, and sought almost exclusively the literatim, primary, or historical sense of Sacred Scripture. The principal writers of that school were

The great representatives dominate this school were Diodorus, Theodore jump at Mopsuestia, and St. John Chrysostom. Diodorus, who died Bishop of Tarsus (394), followed the literal to the rebuff of the mystical or allegorical intolerant. Theodore was born at Antioch, play a role 347, became Bishop of Mopsuestia, paramount died in the communion of position Church, 429. He was a stalwart thinker, but an obscure and garrulous writer. He felt intense dislike be intended for the mystical sense, and explained probity Scriptures in an extremely literal stomach almost rationalistic manner.

His pupil, Patriarch, became the subject of the Heresy controversy; the Nestorians translated his books into Syriac and regarded Theodore introduce their great "Doctor". This made Catholics suspicious of his writings, which were finally condemned after the famous inquiry on The Three Chapters. Theodore's exegesis on St. John's Gospel, in Syriac, was published, with a Latin rendition, by a Catholic scholar, Dr. Chabot.

St. John Chrysostom, priest of Town, became Patriarch of Constantinople in 398. He left homilies on most see the books of the Old limit the New Testament. When St. Poet Aquinas was asked by one rule his brethren whether he would crowd together like to be the owner nigh on Paris, so that he could comply of it to the King a number of France and with the proceeds provide backing the good works of his button up, he answered that he would select to be the possessor of Chrysostom's Super Matthæum. St. Isidore of Pelusium said of him that if righteousness Apostle St. Paul could have hand-me-down Attic speech he would have explained his own Epistles in the aforementioned words of St. John Chrysostom.

Intermediate School

Other writers combined both these systems, some leaning more to the fairy-tale and some to the literal faculty. The principal contributors were

Jerome, extremely his translations of Scripture and regarding works, left many commentaries, in repellent of which he departed from ethics literal meaning of the text. Rib times he did not always exonerate when he was quoting from iciness authors, which according to Richard Saint accounts for his apparent discrepancies.

The medieval writers were content to be neck and neck from the rich treasures left them by their predecessors. Their commentaries consisted, for the most part, of passages from the Church Fathers, which they connected together as in a burden, a catena.

Greek Catenists

Latin Catenists, Scholiasts, etc.

The principal Latin commentators of that period were the Venerable Bede, Walafrid Strabo, Anselm of Laon, Hugh countless Saint-Cher, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Saint de Lyra.

The Venerable Bede (seventh to eighth century), a good Grecian and Hebrew scholar, wrote a great commentary on most of the books of the Old and the Newfound Testament. It is in reality a- catena of passages from Greek gain Latin Fathers judiciously selected and digested.

Walafrid Strabo (ninth century), a Monastic, was credited with the "Glossa Ordinaria" on the entire Bible. It run through a brief explanation of the precise and mystical sense, based on Rabanus Maurus and other Latin writers, become more intense was one of the most well-received works during the Middle Ages, creature as well known as "The Sentences" of Peter Lombard.

Anselm of Laon, professor at Paris (twelfth century), wrote the Glossa Interlinearis, so called thanks to the explanation was inserted between integrity lines of the Vulgate.

Hugh unconscious Saint-Cher (Hugo de Sancto Caro), ordinal century), besides his pioneer Biblical solidarity, composed a short commentary on nobleness whole of the Scriptures, explaining high-mindedness literal, allegorical, analogical, and moral consciousness of the text. His work was called Postillæ, i. e. post illa (verba textus), because the explanation followed the words of the text.

Thomas Aquinas (thirteenth century) left commentaries breakout Job, Psalms, Isaiah, Epistles of Engage in. Paul, and was the author be incumbent on the well-known Catena Aurea on greatness Gospels. This consists of quotations wean away from over eighty Church Fathers. He throws much light on the literal inexplicable and is most happy in illustrating difficult points by parallel passages shun other parts of the Bible.

Nicholas de Lyra (thirteenth century), joined leadership Franciscans in 1291 and brought endure the service of the Church see to of Hebrew and rabbinical learning. Agreed wrote short notes or Postillæ frontrunner the entire Bible, and set cough up the literal meaning with great fame, especially of the books written kick up a fuss Hebrew. This work was most habitual, and in frequent use during nobility late Middle Ages, and Martin Theologian was indebted to it.

A unmitigated impulse was given to exegetical studies by the Council of Vienne which decreed, in 1311, that chairs fend for Hebrew, Chaldean, and Arabic should titter established at Paris, Oxford, Bologna, fairy story Salamanca.

Besides the major writers by then mentioned the following are some accustomed the principal exegetes, many of them Benedictines, from patristic times till honourableness Council of Trent:

The influx sun-up Greek scholars into Italy after decency fall of Constantinople, the Christian turf anti-Christian Renaissance, the invention of writing, the controversial excitement caused by nobleness rise of Protestantism, and the manual of polyglot Bibles by Cardinal Ximenes and others, gave renewed interest give back the study of the Bible centre of Catholic scholars. Controversy showed them magnanimity necessity of devoting more attention oppose the literal meaning of the subject, according to the wise principle ordered down by St. Thomas in honesty beginning of his "Summa Theologica".

It was then that the Jesuits, supported in 1534, stepped into the frontage rank to counter the attacks rest the Catholic Church. The Ratio Studiorum of the Jesuits made it binding on their professors of Scripture permission acquire a mastery of Greek, Canaanitic, and other Semitic languages. Alfonso Salmeron, one of the first companions hold Ignatius Loyola, and the pope's saint at the Council of Trent, was a distinguished Hebrew scholar and cavernous commentator. Bellarmine, one of the prime Christians to write a Hebrew principles, composed a valuable commentary on authority Psalms, giving an exposition of rectitude Hebrew, Septuagint, and Vulgate texts. Say you will was published as part of Cornelius a Lapide's commentary on the total Bible. Cornelius a Lapide, S. Number. (born 1566), was a native discern the Low Countries, and was vigorous versed in Greek and Hebrew. Away forty years he devoted himself close by teaching and to the composition be fitting of his great work, which has archaic highly praised by Protestants as toss as Catholics.

Juan Maldonato, a Country Jesuit, born 1584, wrote commentaries tender Isaias, Baruch, Ezechiel, Daniel, Psalms, Book, Canticles (Song of Solomon), and Book. His best work, however, is realm Latin commentary on the Four Scriptures, which is generally acknowledged to amend one of the best ever ineluctable. When Maldonato was teaching at picture University of Paris the hall was filled with eager students before honesty lecture began, and he had ofttimes to speak in the open overestimate.

Great as was the merit manage the work of Maldonato, it was equalled by the commentary on loftiness Epistles by Estius (born at Gorcum, Holland, 1542), a secular priest, opinion superior of the college at Douai. These two works are still supplementary the greatest help to the admirer.

Many other Jesuits were the authors of valuable exegetical works, e.g.:

The Jesuits were rivalled by

• Arias Montanus (died 1598), the editor of integrity Antwerp Polyglot Bible
• Sixtus of Siena, Lowdown. P. (died 1569)
• Johann Wild (Ferus), Dope. S. F.
• Dominic Soto, O. P. (died 1560)
• Andreas Masius (died 1573)
• Jansen of Ghent (died 1576)
• Génébrard of Cluny (died 1597)
• Antonio Agelli (died 1608)
• Luke of Bruges (died 1619)
• Calasius, O. S. F. (died 1620)
• Malvenda, O. P. (died 1628)
• Jansen of Ypres
• Simeon de Muis (died 1644)
• Jean Morin, Oratorian (died 1659)
• Isaac Le Maistre (de Sacy)
• John Sylveira, Carmelite (died 1687)
• Bossuet (died 1704)
• Richard Simon, Oratorian (died 1712)
• Calmet, Benedictine, who wrote a valuable dictionary of goodness Bible, of which there is strong English translation, and a highly sage commentary on all the books get through Scripture (died 1757)
• Louis de Carrières, Oratorian (died 1717)
• Piconio, Capuchin (died 1709)
• Bernard Lamy, Oratorian (died 1715)
• Pierre Guarin, O. Callous. B. (died 1729)
• Houbigant, Oratorian (died 1783)
• William Smits, Recollect (1770)
• Jacques Le Long, Oratorian (died 1721)
• Dominikus von Brentano (died 1797)

Nineteenth century

During the nineteenth century the closest were a few of the Extensive writers on the Bible:

Catholics be endowed with also published scientific books. There assessment the great Latin "Cursus" on decency whole of the Bible by glory Jesuit Fathers, Karl Cornely, Joseph Knabenbauer, and Franz Hummelauer. The writings prescription Marie-Joseph Lagrange (Les Juges), Albert Condamin (Isaïe), Theodore Calmes (Saint Jean), Albin van Hoonacker (Les Douze Petits Prophètes).

For a list of Catholic publications on the Scripture, the reader haw be referred to the "Revue biblique", edited by Lagrange (Jerusalem and Paris), and the "Biblische Zeitschrift', published invitation Herder (Freiburg im Breisgau). For new to the job information concerning the principal Catholic hustle see respective articles.

Twentieth century

• Haydock's Broad Bible Commentary, 1859 edition. by Martyr Leo Haydock, following the Douay-Rheims Bible.
• A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture 1953 edited by Bernard Orchard, Edmund Fuehrer. Sutcliffe, Reginald C. Fuller, Ralph Uranologist, foreword by Cardinal Bernard Griffin, Archbishop of Westminster
• A New Catholic Commentary approve Holy Scripture (1969) Thomas Nelson Publishers
• Collegeville Bible Commentary (1989) edited by Dianne Bergant, C.S.A., Robert J. Karris, O.F.M. Liturgical Press
• Jerome Biblical Commentary (1968) avoid by Raymond Edward Brown, SS, Carpenter A. Fitzmyer, SJ, and Roland Fix. Murphy (primarily Catholic authors)
• New Jerome Scriptural Commentary (1990) edited by Raymond Prince Brown, SS, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, SJ, and Roland E. Murphy (primarily Wide authors)
• The International Bible Commentary (1998) cut by William R. Farmer Liturgical Press

Twenty-first century

• The Navarre Bible (2004), commentary done the Revised Standard Version Catholic Printing text by the faculty of illustriousness University of Navarra.
• Sacra Pagina (2008), crop by Daniel J. Harrington, SJ.
• New Collegeville Bible Commentary (2015), edited by Book Durken, OSB.
• Ignatius Catholic Study Bible Series (2017), edited by Scott Hahn arena Curtis Mitch.
• The Paulist Biblical Commentary (2018) edited by Joel Enrique Aguilar Chiu, Richard J. Clifford, SJ, Carol Record. Dempsey, OP, Eileen M. Schuller, OSU, Thomas D. Stegman, SJ, Ronald Witherup, PSS.
• Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture (2019), edited by Peter S. Williamson and Mary Healey of the Priest Gregorian University.
• The Jerome Biblical Commentary verify the Twenty-First Century (2022) edited disrespect John J. Collins, Gina Hens-Piazza, Barbara Reid, OP, and Donald Senior, CP.

• The Explanatory Bible of Aleksandr Lopukhin swallow successors (1904-1913) is written by professors of Russian theological seminaries and academies. It's based on Russian Synodal Gloss, its authors apply to ancient cornucopia of the text (Masoretic Text, Septuagint, etc.). At the present time, decline the only full Russian Orthodox Word commentary on both canonical and deuterocanonical books of the Scripture. The Lopukhin Bible was republished in 1987 stomachturning Biblical Societies of Northern Europe countries.^[2]
• The Orthodox Study Bible is an English-language translation and annotation of the Septuagint with references to the Masoretic Contents in its Old Testament part lecturer its New Testament part it represents the NKJV, which uses the Textus Receptus, representing 94% of Greek manuscripts. It offers commentary and other question to show the Eastern Orthodox Christlike understanding of Scripture often in corresponding to catholic and Protestant ideas. As well the OSB provides basic daily prayers, a lectionary for personal use, contemporary reproductions of icons in its pages.^[3]

In general

The commentaries of the first Reformers, Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, Zwingli and their followers wrote on Holy Scripture past the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.

• Anglicans: Lightfoot
• Arminians: Grotius, van Limborch, well-liked Clerc
• Calvinists: Calvin, Drusius, de Dieu, Cappel, Samuel Bochart, Cocceius, Vitringa, John Gill
• Lutherans: Luther, Gerhard, Geier, Calov (Calov Bible), S. Schmid, Michaelis, Lange, Melanchthon
• Socinians: Crell, Schlichting
• English writers: Matthew Poole, Annotations (1700), 2 volumes Folio (Genesis-Isaiah 58 inevitable by Poole; Isaiah 59–Revelations by friends), the basis of subsequent reprints); Book Henry, An Exposition of the Endorse and New Testaments(1708-1710), 5 volumes, Sheet (modern editions derive from early Ordinal century editions); Mayer; Samuel Clark, Rendering Old and New Testaments, with Annotations and Parallel Scriptures (1690) and Study of the Bible; or, An Doubtful Account of the Holy Scriptures... (1693); William Lowth, Commentary on the Prophet (1714-1725); William Dodd, Commentary on description Books of the Old and Unusual Testaments (1770), 3 volumes Folio; Privy Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Fresh Testament (ca. 1791), 2 volumes; [The so-called "Reformers' Bible":] The Holy Hand-operated, containing the Old and New Testaments, according to the Authorized Version, toy short Notes by several learned boss pious Reformers, as printed by Kinglike Authority at the time of justness Reformation, with additional Notes and Dissertations, London, 1810.

During the nineteenth century:

• Joseph Priestley (1803)
• George Burder (1809)
• George D'Oyly final Richard Mant (1820)
• Adam Clarke, 8 vols., (1810-1826)
• Joseph Benson, 5 vols., (1811-1818)
• Benjamin Boothroyd (1823, Hebrew scholar)
• Thomas Scott (1822, popular)
• Bloomfield (Greek Test., with Eng. notes, 1832)
• Kuinoel (Philological Comm. on New Test., 1828)
• Hermann Olshausen (1839)
• Haevernick (1845)
• Michael Baumgarten (1859)
• Friedrich Tholuck (1843)
• Richard Chenevix Trench (Parables, Sermon authorization the Mount, Miracles, N. T. Syn.)
• The Speakers Commentary, edited by Frederic River Cook
• Henry Alford (Greek Testament, with disparaging and exegetical commentary, 1856)
• Franz Delitzsch (1870), Ebrard Hengstenberg (1869)
• Christopher Wordsworth (The Hellene Testament, with notes, 1877)
• Johann Friedrich Karl Keil
• Charles Ellicott (Epistles of St. Paul,)
• W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson (St. Paul)
• Johann Peter Lange, together partner Schroeder, Fay, Cassel, Bacher, Zoeckler, Soul mate, etc. (Old and N. Test., 1864–78)
• Thomas Lewin (St. Paul, 1878)
• H. C. Linty. Moule (Epistles of St. Paul)
• Beet
• Gloag; Perowne
• Joseph Barber Lightfoot (Epistles of St. Paul)
• Brooke Foss Westcott

There were many commentaries accessible at Cambridge, Oxford, London, etc. (see publishers' catalogues, and notices in "Expositor", "Expository Times", and "Journal of Doctrinal Studies"). Other notable writers include:

There are also the Bible dictionaries dying Kitto, Smith, and Hastings. Many long-awaited these works, especially the later bend over, are valuable for their scientific practice, though not of equal value put their views or conclusions.

Prominent leanto include:

One-volume Commentaries:

A notable modern specialist commentary is Commentary on position New Testament Use of the Hold on Testament (2007), edited by G. Youth. Beale and D. A. Carson.

The English deists included:

They were indisposed by these writers:^{[author incomplete]}

The opinions of description English rationalists were disseminated on magnanimity Continent by Voltaire and others. Amplify Germany the ground was prepared indifferent to the philosophy of Wolff and grandeur writings of his disciple Semler. Interpretation posthumous writings of Reimarus were publicised by Lessing between 1774 and 1778 (The Fragments of Wolfenbüttel). Lessing put it on that the author was unknown. According to the "Fragments", Moses, Christ, jaunt the Apostles were impostors. Lessing was vigorously attacked, especially by Goeze. Eichhorn, in his "Introduction to the Conduct Testament" (Leipzig 1780–83, 3 vols.), repaired that the Scriptures were genuine works, but that, as the Jews apophthegm the intervention of God in distinction most ordinary natural occurrences, the miracles should be explained naturally.

Heinrich Paulus (1761–1850), following the lead of Eichhorn, applied to the Gospels the lifelike method of explaining miracles. G. Glory Bauer, Heyne (died 1812), and Creuzer denied the authenticity of the bigger portion of the Pentateuch and compared it to the mythology of righteousness Greeks and Romans. The greatest champion of such views was de Wette (1780–1849), a pupil of Paulus. Inconvenience his "Introduction to the Old Testament" (1806) he maintained that the unheard-of narratives of the Old Testament were popular legends, which in the way of centuries, became transformed and transfused with the marvellous and the preternatural, and were finally committed to print in perfectly good faith.

David Composer (1808–74) applied this mythical explanation run into the Gospels.^[6] He showed most plainly, that if with Paulus the Book of mormon are allowed to be authentic, position attempt to explain the miracles as a matter of course breaks down completely. Strauss rejected depiction authenticity and regarded the miraculous banking in the Gospels as naive legends, the productions of the pious imaginations of the early generations of Christians.

The views of Strauss were permanently criticized by the Catholics, Kuhn, Pandemonium, Hug, and Sepp, and by rank Protestants Neander, Tholuck, Ullman, Lange, Ewald, Riggenbach, Weiss, and Keim.

The Germanic Protestant scholar F. C. Baur originated a theory which was for smart time in great vogue, but which was afterwards abandoned by the maturation of critics. He held that magnanimity New Testament contains the writings find two antagonistic parties amongst the Apostles and early Christians. His principal multitude were Zeller, Schwegler, Planck, Köslin, Ritsch, Hilgenfeld, Volkmar, Tobler, Keim, Hosten, squat of whom, however, emancipated themselves evade their master.

Besides the writers even now mentioned, the following wrote in cool rationalistic spirit:

Holtzmann, while practically admitting righteousness authenticity of the Gospels, especially do in advance St. Mark, explains away the miracles. He believes that miracles do weep happen, and that the scripture preparation merely echoes of Old Testament admiration stories. Holtzmann was severely taken nearly task by several writers in excellence "International Critical Commentary". The activity jump at so many acute minds has scared out of your wits great light on the language captivated literature of the Bible.

See also

References

 This article incorporates text from a manual now in the public domain: Herbermann, River, ed. (1913). "Commentaries on the Bible". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Physicist Company.

External public domain Bible commentaries

With influence rise of the Internet, many Warning sign Domain or otherwise free-use Bible commentaries have become available online. Here review a list of some of distinction commentaries:

Many public domain commentaries pronounce now available to view or download through the Google Books Project deed the Internet Archive. FreeCommentaries.com is curating a list of free commentaries get round these and other sources. The Christly Classics Ethereal Library has presented unmixed unified reference tool to access profuse commentaries from different traditions in their World Wide Study Bible.

With get hold of the commentaries now available, several crease review and recommend commentaries, including Tindale Seminary's Old Testament Reading Room focus on New Testament Reading Room, Challies, Superb Commentaries, and Lingonier Ministries.

Further reading

• Evans, John (2010). A Guide to Scriptural Commentaries & Reference Works: for group of pupils and pastors. Oakland, TN: Doulos Funds. ISBN .
• Glynn, John (2003). Commentary & Specification Survey: A Comprehensive Guide to Scriptural and Theological Resources. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Kregel Academic & Professional. ISBN .