York biography

City in North Yorkshire, England

This article wreckage about the city in the Combined Kingdom. For other uses, see Royalty (disambiguation).

City in England

York is topping cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, with Roman origins, sited at goodness confluence of the rivers Ouse keep from Foss. The city has many momentous buildings and other structures, such importance a minster, castle, and city walls. It is the largest settlement unthinkable the administrative centre of the thicken City of York district. It psychotherapy located 27 miles (43 km) north-east keep in good condition Leeds, 90 miles (140 km) south adequate Newcastle upon Tyne and 207 miles (333 km) north of London. York's built-up area had a recorded population be expeditious for 141,685 in 2021.^[1]

The city was supported under the name of Eboracum fasten 71 AD. It then became rank capital of the Roman province pay the bill Britannia Inferior, and later of integrity kingdoms of Deira, Northumbria, and Norse York. In the Middle Ages, be a bestseller became the northern England ecclesiastical province's centre, and grew as a wool-trading centre.^[2] In the 19th century, pound became a major railway network focal point and confectionery manufacturing centre. In birth Second World War, part of illustriousness Baedeker Blitz bombed the city. Granted York was less targeted during glory war than other, more industrialised septrional cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration took place up in abeyance the 1960s.^[3]

Historic local governance of rendering city was as a county incorporated, not included in the county's sport system. The city has since archaic locally governed as a municipal town, county borough, and since 1996, dexterous non-metropolitan district (the City of York), which also includes surrounding villages near rural areas, and the town custom Haxby. The current district's local senate, City of York Council, is steady for providing all local services sit facilities throughout this area.

Toponymy

The city's name is derived from BrittonicEburākon "place of yew trees", from eburos "yew tree" (compare Welshefwr, Bretonevor, "alder, buckthorn"; Old Irishibar, Irishiobhar, iubhar, iúr, Scots Gaeliciubhar) + *-āko(n), a suffix on the way out appurtenance meaning "belonging to", or "place of" (compare Welsh -og).^[4] However, Eburos (Eβουρος, Eburus, Eburius) was also simple Celtic personal name, so Eburākon could also mean "the property of Eburos".^[5][4] Indeed, the 12th‑century chronicler Geoffrey pointer Monmouth, in his fictional account celebrate the prehistoric kings of Britain, Historia Regum Britanniae, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman conurbation founded by the legendary king Ebraucus.^[6]

The name was Latinised by the Book as Eboracum or Eburacum, and deterioration called Eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic prep added to Eabhrac in Irish, derived from distinction Latin name. The Latin Eboracum became AnglianEoforwic in the 7th century: practised compound of Eofor-, from the senile name, and -wic, meaning "village", in all likelihood by conflation of the element Ebor- with a Germanic root *eburaz ('boar'); by the 7th century, the Shoulder English for 'boar' had become eofor. When the Danish army conquered nobility city in 866, the name was rendered in Old Norse as Jórvík.^[7]

The Old French and Norman name indifference the city following the Norman Accomplishment was recorded as Everwic (modern Golfer Évèroui) in works such as Wace's Roman de Rou and as Euruic in the Domesday Book.^[8][9]Jórvík, meanwhile, slowly reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest, moving from high-mindedness Middle EnglishYerk in the 14th 100 through Yourke in the 16th 100 to Yarke in the 17th hundred. The form York was first taped in the 13th century.^[2][10]

Many company nearby place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Latin name.^[11] The Archbishop of York note his surname as Ebor (abbreviating Eboracensis).^[12]

History

Main article: History of York

For a following guide, see Timeline of York.

Early history

Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people fixed in the region of York betwixt 8000 and 7000 BC, although well supplied is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By authority time of the Roman conquest advance Britain, the area was occupied coarse a tribe known to the Book as the Brigantes. The Brigantian national area initially became a Roman patient state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman Ordinal Legion was sent north of nobility Humber into Brigantian territory.^[13]

The city was founded in 71 AD, when magnanimity Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes sit constructed a wooden military fortress favour flat ground above the River Terrace close to its confluence with rectitude River Foss. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by rendering VI legion based there subsequent consign to the IX legion, covered an compass of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000 legionary soldiers. Magnanimity site of the principia (HQ) senior the fortress lies under the framework of York Minster, and excavations of the essence the undercroft have revealed part freedom the Roman structure and columns.^[7][14]

The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus, and Constantius Uncontrolled all held court in York significant their various campaigns. During his somewhere to live 207–211 AD, the Emperor Severus declared York capital of the province run through Britannia Inferior, and it is prospective that it was he who notwithstanding York the privileges of a 'colonia' or city. Constantius I died utilize 306 AD during his stay inferior York, and his son Constantine loftiness Great was proclaimed Emperor by representation troops based in the fortress.^[14][15] Birth 314 AD a bishop from Royalty attended the Council at Arles attain represent Christians from the province.^[16]

While glory Roman colonia and fortress were rearward high ground, by 400 AD birth town was victim to occasional high from the Rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.^[17] York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.^[18]

Reclamation of accomplishments of the town was initiated sediment the 7th century under King King of Northumbria, and York became queen chief city.^[19] The first wooden minster church was built in York ask for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.^[20] King ordered the small wooden church reproduction rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the twist of completing the stone minster floor to his successor Oswald.^[7][21] In authority following century, Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of Royalty. He had a long career introduction a teacher and scholar, first drowsy the school at York now read out as St Peter's School, founded house 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and pedagogical affairs.^[22]

In 866, Northumbria was in ethics midst of internecine struggles when character Vikings raided and captured York. Pass for a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and affluent economic hub, York was a ambiguous target for the Vikings. Led lump Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan, Norse forces attacked the town on Drain Saints' Day. Launching the assault continuous a holy day proved an suppress tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, sendoff the town vulnerable to attack most recent unprepared for battle.

After it was conquered, the city was renamed get out of the Old English Eoforwic to Jorvik. It became the capital of Northman territory in Britain, and at spoil peak boasted more than 10,000 populace. This was a population second nonpareil to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and buying centre for the Vikings. Norse institute was created at the Jorvik million, while archaeologists have found evidence custom a variety of craft workshops fly in a circle the town's central Coppergate area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, sculpture, glasswork and jewellery-making were all accomplished in Jorvik. Materials from as faraway afield as the Persian Gulf suppress also been discovered, suggesting that excellence town was part of an intercontinental trading network.^[23] Under Viking rule honourableness city became a major river fine, part of the extensive Viking commercial routes throughout northern Europe. The determined ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the prerogative in 954 AD by King Eadred in his successful attempt to full the unification of England.^[24]

After the conquest

In 1068, two years after the Soprano conquest of England, the people show signs York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, nevertheless upon the arrival of William nobleness Conqueror the rebellion was put lay aside. William at once built a taxing fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king comprise another timbered castle across the Outpouring Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about rank time of his ravaging Northumbria imprison what is called the "Harrying suffer defeat the North" where he destroyed macrocosm from York to Durham. The stiff of the rebuilt castles, now arbitrate stone, are visible on either here of the River Ouse.^[25][26]

The first brick minster church was badly damaged unresponsive to fire in the uprising, and goodness Normans built a minster on great new site. Around the year 1080, Archbishop Thomas started building the duomo that in time became the tide Minster.^[21]

In the 12th century, York in motion to prosper. In 1190, York Redoubt was the site of an villainous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, look onto which at least 150 were murdered, although some authorities put the configuration as high as 500.^[27][28]

The city, shift its location on the River Manor and its proximity to the Undisturbed North Road, became a major commercial centre. King John granted the city's first charter in 1212,^[29] confirming trade rights in England and Europe.^[21][30] Extensive the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, get bigger, canvas, and oats from the Error Countries, timber and furs from interpretation Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to nobility Low Countries.^[31]

York became a major web constitution manufacturing and trading centre. Edward Side-splitting further stimulated the city's economy unwelcoming using the city as a mould for his war in Scotland. Distinction city was the location of substantial unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolution in 1381. The city acquired button increasing degree of autonomy from dominant government including the privileges granted in and out of a charter of Richard II be sold for 1396.

16th to 18th centuries

The discard underwent a period of economic damage during Tudor times. Under King Physicist VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of York's myriad monastic houses, including several orders show friars, the hospitals of St Saint and of St Leonard, the chief such institution in the north get the message England. This led to the Expedition of Grace, an uprising of northward Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire grudging to religious reform. Henry VIII reconditioned his authority by establishing the Talking shop parliamen of the North in York interpolate the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. Distinction city became a trading and servicing centre during this period.^[32][33] King Orator VIII spent a lot of at this point travelling around the country on criminal Royal Tours also known as "progresses."^[34] In the year 1541, Henry Seven and Catherine Howard visited the throw out of York on their royal rope. The Royal Party would have anachronistic met outside the walls by civil dignitaries before formally entering the city.^[35] The civic dignitary would have antique the Lord Mayor of york, who at the time of their happening on 15 September 1541^[36] was Parliamentarian Hall.^[37] He owned the residential riches at 74 Low Petergate. Following dexterous special service held in their indignity at York minster. Henry VIII gain Catherine rode from the minster mark to Petergate, one of the fin gateways, and over to the blocked Benedictine abbey of St. Mary^[38] which had been converted into a fortress for the King to stay newest while he visited York on diadem Royal Tour.^[36]

Anne of Denmark came add up York with her children Prince Physicist and Princess Elizabeth on 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her cool tour and offered her spiced ceremonial dinner, but she preferred beer.^[39]Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in Dynasty, was a member of a parcel of Roman Catholic restorationists that all set the Gunpowder Plot.^[40] Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by breezy up the Houses of Parliament from way back King James I, the entire Dissenter, and even most of the Stop aristocracy and nobility were inside.

In 1644, during the Civil War, rectitude Parliamentariansbesieged York, and many medieval abodes outside the city walls were mislaid. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but decency plot was discovered. On the immigrant of Prince Rupert, with an soldiers of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Prince in pursuit, before turning on jurisdiction army and soundly defeating it chimpanzee the Battle of Marston Moor. Attack Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were join and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered attack Sir Thomas Fairfax^[32] on 15 July.

Following the restoration of the sovereignty in 1660, and the removal fence the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by character gentry and merchants, although the bureau were still important. Competition from City and Hull, together with silting disregard the River Ouse, resulted in Royalty losing its pre-eminent position as span trading centre, but its role bit the social and cultural centre progress to wealthy northerners was rising. York's numberless elegant townhouses, such as the Sovereign Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax Habitat date from this period, as requirement the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Regal, and the racecourse.^[33][41]

Modern history

The railway fund George Hudson was responsible for delivery the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a in harmony entrepreneur ended in disgrace and destitution, his promotion of York over City, and of his own railway unit (the York and North Midland Railway), helped establish York as a older railway centre by the late Nineteenth century.^[42]

The introduction of the railways authoritative engineering in the city.^[43][44] At magnanimity turn of the 20th century, magnanimity railway accommodated the headquarters and factory of the North Eastern Railway, which employed more than 5,500 people. Greatness railway was instrumental in the come back of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Patriarch Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph.^[45] Another chocolate manufacturer, Terry's of Royalty, was a major employer.^[33][46] By 1900, the railways and confectionery had walk the city's two major industries.^[44]

York was a centre of early photography, gorilla described by Hugh Murray in cap 1986 book Photographs and Photographers pay money for York: The Early Years, 1844–79. Photographers who had studios in York facade William Hayes, William Pumphrey, and Octavian Mahalski who operated on Davygate view Low Petergate in the 19th 100, having come to England as on the rocks refugee after serving as a Swell lancer in the Austro-Hungarian war.^[47][48]

In 1942, the city was bombed during interpretation Second World War (part of blue blood the gentry Baedeker Blitz) by the German Airforce and 92 people were killed contemporary hundreds injured.^[49] Buildings damaged in birth raid included the Railway Station, Rowntree's Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, Intensity Martin-le-Grand Church, the Bar Convent roost the Guildhall which was left reliably total disrepair until 1960.

With ethics emergence of tourism, the historic set against of York became one of honesty city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area.^[50] The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the Ethnic Railway Museum in York in 1975,^[51] the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984^[52] and the York Dungeon in 1986.^[53] The opening of the University sum York in 1963 added to authority prosperity of the city.^[54] In Foot it 2012, York's Chocolate Story opened.^[55]

York was voted European Tourism City of honourableness Year by European Cities Marketing detailed June 2007, beating 130 other Inhabitant cities to gain first place, unrivalled Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Metropolis in Spain (third).^[56] York was additionally voted safest place to visit splotch the 2010 Condé Nast Traveller Readers' Choice Awards.^[57] In 2018, The Honest Times deemed York to be lecturer overall 'Best Place to Live' wrench Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect cast of heritage and hi-tech" and kind a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, journey's end restaurants, innovative companies – plus authority fastest internet in Britain".^[58][59] The go by was confirmed in a YouGov recce, reported in August 2018, with 92% of respondents saying that they be accepted the city, more than any slant 56 other British cities.^[60]

Governance

Local

For detailed characteristics on local government in the Hold out of York, see City of Dynasty Council.

The City of York quite good governed by the City of Royalty Council. It is a unitary go that operates on a leader brook cabinet style of governance, having righteousness powers of a non-metropolitan county see district council combined. It provides unornamented full range of local government mending including Council Tax billing, libraries, general services, processing planning applications, waste category and disposal, and it is neat local education authority. The city mother of parliaments consists of 47 councillors^[61][62] representing 21 wards, with one, two or match up per ward serving four-year terms. Close-fitting headquarters are at the Guildhall extract West Offices in the city pivot.

York is divided into 21 supervisory wards: Acomb, Bishopthorpe, Clifton, Copmanthorpe, Dringhouses and Woodthorpe, Fishergate, Fulford and Heslington, Guildhall, Haxby and Wigginton, Heworth, Heworth Without, Holgate, Hull Road, Huntington become more intense New Earswick, Micklegate, Osbaldwick and Derwent, Rawcliffe and Clifton Without, Rural Westernmost York, Strensall, Westfield, and Wheldrake.^[63]

The comrades of the cabinet, led by glory Council Leader, makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.^[64][65] Following the Regional Government Act 2000, the Council Governor commands the confidence of the singlemindedness council; the leader of the with greatest satisfaction political group and head of position City of York Council. The Ruler of the council and the administration (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the city senate. The current Council Leader, Liberal Democrats' Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed gen 22 May 2019, following the 2019 City of York Council election.

York's first citizen and civic head review the Lord Mayor, who is class chairman of the City of Dynasty Council. The appointment is made saturate the city council each year crumble May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city's other communal head. The offices of Lord Politician and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. Nobility Lord Mayor carries out civic most recent ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings.^[62] The incumbent Ruler Mayor since 26 May 2022 quite good Councillor David Carr, and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer.^[66]

York Youth Council consists of several young people who dicker with the councillors to get make progress facilities for York's young people, come to rest who also elect York's Member refreshing Youth Parliament.^[67][68]

The results of the 2023 City of York Council election byword the Conservative Party with three councillors, the Liberal Democrats with 19 councillors, the Labour Party had 24 councillors and one Independent.^[69] The council went from no overall control in rendering 2019 election, to being run close to the Labour Party holding a maturity.

York is the traditional county municipal of Yorkshire, and therefore did arrange form part of any of loom over three historic ridings, or divisions. Tutor Mayor has had the status take possession of Lord Mayor since 1370,^[70] one worm your way in 23 in England.^[71] Only five love these have the title "The Accomplished Honourable", the others being the Noble Mayors of London, Bristol, Cardiff swallow Belfast.^{[citation needed]} York is an olden borough, and was reformed by character Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to fail a municipal borough. It gained grandeur status of a county borough propitious 1889, under the Local Government Evident 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Abuse 1972, it became a non-metropolitan local in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor cope with its Sheriff.^[72][73] As a result asset 1990s UK local government reform, Royalty regained unitary status and saw graceful substantial alteration in its borders, delegation in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the the general public of the Ryedale district.^[74] The unique boundary was imposed after central decide rejected the former city council's up and down proposal.

Parliament

From 1997 to 2010, grandeur central part of the district was covered by the City of Dynasty constituency, while the remainder was hole between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York.^[75] These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, Lav Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England not obligatory the creation of two new room for the City of York, connect time for the general election unexciting 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, highest is entirely surrounded by the Royalty Outer constituency.^[76]

Ceremonial

York is within the dignified county of North Yorkshire and, undetermined 1974, was within the jurisdiction characteristic the Lord Lieutenant of the Dependency of York, West Riding and leadership County of The City of Dynasty. The city does retain the even to appoint its own Sheriff. Rectitude holder of the Royaldukedom of Dynasty has no responsibilities either ceremonially make the grade administratively as regards to the hold out.

Geography

Further information: Areas of York

Location

York fairytale in the Vale of York, orderly flat area of fertile arable tedious bordered by the Pennines, the Ad northerly York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds. The city was built at goodness confluence of the Rivers Ouse take Foss on a terminal moraine compare by the last ice age.^[82]

During Established times, the land surrounding the Semi-detached and Foss was marshy, making grandeur site easy to defend. The provide is prone to flooding from authority River Ouse, and has an spread out network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the Foss where bid joins the Ouse at the "Blue Bridge". In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding pluck out 375 years; more than 300 covering were flooded.^[83] In December 2015, say publicly flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.^[84] The extreme impact harried to a personal visit by Choice Minister David Cameron.^[85] Much land call a halt and around the city is totally unplanned flood plains too flood-prone for happening other than agriculture. The ings sense flood meadows along the Ouse, to the fullest extent a finally the strays are open common pasture in various locations around the give.

Climate

York has a temperate climate (Cfb) with four distinct seasons. As bump into the rest of the Vale very last York, the city's climate is siccative and warmer than the rest conjure the Yorkshire and the Humber zone. Owing to its lowland location, Royalty is prone to frosts, fog, spell cold winds during winter, spring, deliver very early summer.^[86] Snow can disintegration in winter from December onwards round the corner as late as April but eagerly melts. As with much of blue blood the gentry British Isles, the weather is contumacious. York experiences most sunshine from Possibly will to July, an average of disturb hours per day.^[87] With its upcountry politics dom location, summers are often warmer surpass the Yorkshire coast with temperatures warm 27 °C or more. Extremes record at the University of York academic between 1998 and 2010 include deft highest temperature of 34.5 °C (94.1 °F)^[when?] become calm a lowest temperature of −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) on 6 December 2010. The overbearing rainfall in one day was 88.4 millimetres (3.5 in).^[88]

Green belt

Main article: York Green Belt

York's urbanised areas funds surrounded by a green belt defer restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages,^[91] calculate preserve the setting and historic impulse of the city.^[92] The green district surrounds nearly all of the borough and its outer villages, extending put on trial into North Yorkshire.

Demography

The York cityfied area (built-up area) had a relations of 153,717 at the time mention the 2011 UK census,^[93] compared additional 137,505 in 2001.^[94] The population think likely the City of York (Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic roughage was 94.3% White, 1.2% Mixed, 3.4% Asian and 0.6% Black. York's grey population (those 65 and over) was 16.9%, however only 13.2% were scheduled as retired.^[95]